hermes-agent/skills/research/research-paper-writing/SKILL.md

---
name: research-paper-writing
title: Research Paper Writing Pipeline
description: End-to-end pipeline for writing ML/AI research papers — from experiment design through analysis, drafting, revision, and submission. Covers NeurIPS, ICML, ICLR, ACL, AAAI, COLM. Integrates automated experiment monitoring, statistical analysis, iterative writing, and citation verification.
version: 1.0.0
author: Orchestra Research
license: MIT
dependencies: [semanticscholar, arxiv, habanero, requests, scipy, numpy, matplotlib, SciencePlots]
platforms: [linux, macos]
metadata:
  hermes:
    tags: [Research, Paper Writing, Experiments, ML, AI, NeurIPS, ICML, ICLR, ACL, AAAI, COLM, LaTeX, Citations, Statistical Analysis]
    category: research
    related_skills: [arxiv, ml-paper-writing, subagent-driven-development, plan]
    requires_toolsets: [terminal, files]

---

# Research Paper Writing Pipeline

End-to-end pipeline for producing publication-ready ML/AI research papers targeting **NeurIPS, ICML, ICLR, ACL, AAAI, and COLM**. This skill covers the full research lifecycle: experiment design, execution, monitoring, analysis, paper writing, review, revision, and submission.

This is **not a linear pipeline** — it is an iterative loop. Results trigger new experiments. Reviews trigger new analysis. The agent must handle these feedback loops.

```
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    RESEARCH PAPER PIPELINE                  │
│                                                             │
│  Phase 0: Project Setup ──► Phase 1: Literature Review      │
│       │                          │                          │
│       ▼                          ▼                          │
│  Phase 2: Experiment     Phase 5: Paper Drafting ◄──┐      │
│       Design                     │                   │      │
│       │                          ▼                   │      │
│       ▼                    Phase 6: Self-Review      │      │
│  Phase 3: Execution &           & Revision ──────────┘      │
│       Monitoring                 │                          │
│       │                          ▼                          │
│       ▼                    Phase 7: Submission               │
│  Phase 4: Analysis ─────► (feeds back to Phase 2 or 5)     │
│                                                             │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```

---

## When To Use This Skill

Use this skill when:
- **Starting a new research paper** from an existing codebase or idea
- **Designing and running experiments** to support paper claims
- **Writing or revising** any section of a research paper
- **Preparing for submission** to a specific conference
- **Responding to reviews** with additional experiments or revisions
- **Converting** a paper between conference formats

## Core Philosophy

1. **Be proactive.** Deliver complete drafts, not questions. Scientists are busy — produce something concrete they can react to, then iterate.
2. **Never hallucinate citations.** AI-generated citations have ~40% error rate. Always fetch programmatically. Mark unverifiable citations as `[CITATION NEEDED]`.
3. **Paper is a story, not a collection of experiments.** Every paper needs one clear contribution stated in a single sentence. If you can't do that, the paper isn't ready.
4. **Experiments serve claims.** Every experiment must explicitly state which claim it supports. Never run experiments that don't connect to the paper's narrative.
5. **Commit early, commit often.** Every completed experiment batch, every paper draft update — commit with descriptive messages. Git log is the experiment history.

### Proactivity and Collaboration

**Default: Be proactive. Draft first, ask with the draft.**

| Confidence Level | Action |
|-----------------|--------|
| **High** (clear repo, obvious contribution) | Write full draft, deliver, iterate on feedback |
| **Medium** (some ambiguity) | Write draft with flagged uncertainties, continue |
| **Low** (major unknowns) | Ask 1-2 targeted questions via `clarify`, then draft |

| Section | Draft Autonomously? | Flag With Draft |
|---------|-------------------|-----------------|
| Abstract | Yes | "Framed contribution as X — adjust if needed" |
| Introduction | Yes | "Emphasized problem Y — correct if wrong" |
| Methods | Yes | "Included details A, B, C — add missing pieces" |
| Experiments | Yes | "Highlighted results 1, 2, 3 — reorder if needed" |
| Related Work | Yes | "Cited papers X, Y, Z — add any I missed" |

**Block for input only when**: target venue unclear, multiple contradictory framings, results seem incomplete, explicit request to review first.

---

## Phase 0: Project Setup

**Goal**: Establish the workspace, understand existing work, identify the contribution.

### Step 0.1: Explore the Repository

```bash
# Understand project structure
ls -la
find . -name "*.py" | head -30
find . -name "*.md" -o -name "*.txt" | xargs grep -l -i "result\|conclusion\|finding"
```

Look for:
- `README.md` — project overview and claims
- `results/`, `outputs/`, `experiments/` — existing findings
- `configs/` — experimental settings
- `.bib` files — existing citations
- Draft documents or notes

### Step 0.2: Organize the Workspace

Establish a consistent workspace structure:

```
workspace/
  paper/               # LaTeX source, figures, compiled PDFs
  experiments/         # Experiment runner scripts
  code/                # Core method implementation
  results/             # Raw experiment results (auto-generated)
  tasks/               # Task/benchmark definitions
  human_eval/          # Human evaluation materials (if needed)
```

### Step 0.3: Set Up Version Control

```bash
git init  # if not already
git remote add origin <repo-url>
git checkout -b paper-draft  # or main
```

**Git discipline**: Every completed experiment batch gets committed with a descriptive message. Example:
```
Add Monte Carlo constrained results (5 runs, Sonnet 4.6, policy memo task)
Add Haiku baseline comparison: autoreason vs refinement baselines at cheap model tier
```

### Step 0.4: Identify the Contribution

Before writing anything, articulate:
- **The What**: What is the single thing this paper contributes?
- **The Why**: What evidence supports it?
- **The So What**: Why should readers care?

> Propose to the scientist: "Based on my understanding, the main contribution is: [one sentence]. The key results show [Y]. Is this the framing you want?"

### Step 0.5: Create a TODO List

Use the `todo` tool to create a structured project plan:

```
Research Paper TODO:
- [ ] Define one-sentence contribution
- [ ] Literature review (related work + baselines)
- [ ] Design core experiments
- [ ] Run experiments
- [ ] Analyze results
- [ ] Write first draft
- [ ] Self-review (simulate reviewers)
- [ ] Revise based on review
- [ ] Submission prep
```

Update this throughout the project. It serves as the persistent state across sessions.

---

## Phase 1: Literature Review

**Goal**: Find related work, identify baselines, gather citations.

### Step 1.1: Identify Seed Papers

Start from papers already referenced in the codebase:

```bash
# Via terminal:
grep -r "arxiv\|doi\|cite" --include="*.md" --include="*.bib" --include="*.py"
find . -name "*.bib"
```

### Step 1.2: Search for Related Work

**Load the `arxiv` skill** for structured paper discovery: `skill_view("arxiv")`. It provides arXiv REST API search, Semantic Scholar citation graphs, author profiles, and BibTeX generation.

Use `web_search` for broad discovery, `web_extract` for fetching specific papers:

```
# Via web_search:
web_search("[main technique] + [application domain] site:arxiv.org")
web_search("[baseline method] comparison ICML NeurIPS 2024")

# Via web_extract (for specific papers):
web_extract("https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.17651")
```

Additional search queries to try:

```
Search queries:
- "[main technique] + [application domain]"
- "[baseline method] comparison"
- "[problem name] state-of-the-art"
- Author names from existing citations
```

**Recommended**: Install **Exa MCP** for real-time academic search:
```bash
claude mcp add exa -- npx -y mcp-remote "https://mcp.exa.ai/mcp"
```

### Step 1.3: Verify Every Citation

**NEVER generate BibTeX from memory. ALWAYS fetch programmatically.**

For each citation, follow the mandatory 5-step process:

```
Citation Verification (MANDATORY per citation):
1. SEARCH → Query Semantic Scholar or Exa MCP with specific keywords
2. VERIFY → Confirm paper exists in 2+ sources (Semantic Scholar + arXiv/CrossRef)
3. RETRIEVE → Get BibTeX via DOI content negotiation (programmatically, not from memory)
4. VALIDATE → Confirm the claim you're citing actually appears in the paper
5. ADD → Add verified BibTeX to bibliography
If ANY step fails → mark as [CITATION NEEDED], inform scientist
```

```python
# Fetch BibTeX via DOI
import requests

def doi_to_bibtex(doi: str) -> str:
    response = requests.get(
        f"https://doi.org/{doi}",
        headers={"Accept": "application/x-bibtex"}
    )
    response.raise_for_status()
    return response.text
```

If you cannot verify a citation:

```latex
\cite{PLACEHOLDER_author2024_verify_this}  % TODO: Verify this citation exists
```

**Always tell the scientist**: "I've marked [X] citations as placeholders that need verification."

See [references/citation-workflow.md](references/citation-workflow.md) for complete API documentation and the full `CitationManager` class.

### Step 1.4: Organize Related Work

Group papers by methodology, not paper-by-paper:

**Good**: "One line of work uses X's assumption [refs] whereas we use Y's assumption because..."
**Bad**: "Smith et al. introduced X. Jones et al. introduced Y. We combine both."

---

## Phase 2: Experiment Design

**Goal**: Design experiments that directly support paper claims. Every experiment must answer a specific question.

### Step 2.1: Map Claims to Experiments

Create an explicit mapping:

| Claim | Experiment | Expected Evidence |
|-------|-----------|-------------------|
| "Our method outperforms baselines" | Main comparison (Table 1) | Win rate, statistical significance |
| "Effect is larger for weaker models" | Model scaling study | Monotonic improvement curve |
| "Convergence requires scope constraints" | Constrained vs unconstrained | Convergence rate comparison |

**Rule**: If an experiment doesn't map to a claim, don't run it.

### Step 2.2: Design Baselines

Strong baselines are what separates accepted papers from rejected ones. Reviewers will ask: "Did they compare against X?"

Standard baseline categories:
- **Naive baseline**: Simplest possible approach
- **Strong baseline**: Best known existing method
- **Ablation baselines**: Your method minus one component
- **Compute-matched baselines**: Same compute budget, different allocation

### Step 2.3: Define Evaluation Protocol

Before running anything, specify:
- **Metrics**: What you're measuring, direction symbols (higher/lower better)
- **Aggregation**: How results are combined across runs/tasks
- **Statistical tests**: What tests will establish significance
- **Sample sizes**: How many runs/problems/tasks

### Step 2.4: Write Experiment Scripts

Follow these patterns from successful research pipelines:

**Incremental saving** — save results after each step for crash recovery:
```python
# Save after each problem/task
result_path = f"results/{task}/{strategy}/result.json"
if os.path.exists(result_path):
    continue  # Skip already-completed work
# ... run experiment ...
with open(result_path, 'w') as f:
    json.dump(result, f, indent=2)
```

**Artifact preservation** — save all intermediate outputs:
```
results/<experiment>/
  <task>/
    <strategy>/
      final_output.md          # Final result
      history.json             # Full trajectory
      pass_01/                 # Per-iteration artifacts
        version_a.md
        version_b.md
        critic.md
```

**Separation of concerns** — keep generation, evaluation, and visualization separate:
```
run_experiment.py              # Core experiment runner
run_baselines.py               # Baseline comparison
run_comparison_judge.py        # Blind evaluation
analyze_results.py             # Statistical analysis
make_charts.py                 # Visualization
```

See [references/experiment-patterns.md](references/experiment-patterns.md) for complete design patterns, cron monitoring, and error recovery.

---

## Phase 3: Experiment Execution & Monitoring

**Goal**: Run experiments reliably, monitor progress, recover from failures.

### Step 3.1: Launch Experiments

Use `nohup` for long-running experiments:

```bash
nohup python run_experiment.py --config config.yaml > logs/experiment_01.log 2>&1 &
echo $!  # Record the PID
```

**Parallel execution**: Run independent experiments simultaneously, but be aware of API rate limits. 4+ concurrent experiments on the same API will slow each down.

### Step 3.2: Set Up Monitoring (Cron Pattern)

For long-running experiments, set up periodic status checks. The cron prompt should follow this template:

```
Monitor Prompt Template:
1. Check if process is still running: ps aux | grep <pattern>
2. Read last 30 lines of log: tail -30 <logfile>
3. Check for completed results: ls <result_dir>
4. If results exist, read and report: cat <result_file>
5. If all done, commit: git add -A && git commit -m "<descriptive message>" && git push
6. Report in structured format (tables with key metrics)
7. Answer the key analytical question for this experiment
```

**Silent mode**: If nothing has changed since the last check, respond with `[SILENT]` to suppress notification to the user. Only report when there's news.

### Step 3.3: Handle Failures

Common failure modes and recovery:

| Failure | Detection | Recovery |
|---------|-----------|----------|
| API rate limit / credit exhaustion | 402/429 errors in logs | Wait, then re-run (scripts skip completed work) |
| Process crash | PID gone, incomplete results | Re-run from last checkpoint |
| Timeout on hard problems | Process stuck, no log progress | Kill and skip, note in results |
| Wrong model ID | Errors referencing model name | Fix ID and re-run |

**Key**: Scripts should always check for existing results and skip completed work. This makes re-runs safe and efficient.

### Step 3.4: Commit Completed Results

After each experiment batch completes:

```bash
git add -A
git commit -m "Add <experiment name>: <key finding in 1 line>"
git push
```

---

## Phase 4: Result Analysis

**Goal**: Extract findings, compute statistics, identify the story.

### Step 4.1: Aggregate Results

Write analysis scripts that:
1. Load all result files from a batch
2. Compute per-task and aggregate metrics
3. Generate summary tables

```python
# Standard analysis pattern
import json, os
from pathlib import Path

results = {}
for result_file in Path("results/").rglob("result.json"):
    data = json.loads(result_file.read_text())
    strategy = result_file.parent.name
    task = result_file.parent.parent.name
    results.setdefault(strategy, {})[task] = data

# Compute aggregate metrics
for strategy, tasks in results.items():
    scores = [t["score"] for t in tasks.values()]
    print(f"{strategy}: mean={np.mean(scores):.1f}, std={np.std(scores):.1f}")
```

### Step 4.2: Statistical Significance

Always compute:
- **Error bars**: Standard deviation or standard error, specify which
- **Confidence intervals**: 95% CI for key results
- **Pairwise tests**: McNemar's test for comparing two methods
- **Effect sizes**: Cohen's d or h for practical significance

See [references/experiment-patterns.md](references/experiment-patterns.md) for complete implementations of McNemar's test, bootstrapped CIs, and Cohen's h.

### Step 4.3: Identify the Story

After analysis, explicitly answer:
1. **What is the main finding?** State it in one sentence.
2. **What surprised you?** Unexpected results often make the best papers.
3. **What failed?** Failed experiments can be the most informative. Honest reporting of failures strengthens the paper.
4. **What follow-up experiments are needed?** Results often raise new questions.

### Step 4.4: Create Figures and Tables

**Figures**:
- Use vector graphics (PDF) for all plots: `plt.savefig('fig.pdf')`
- Colorblind-safe palettes (Okabe-Ito or Paul Tol)
- Self-contained captions — reader should understand without main text
- No title inside figure — the caption serves this function

**Tables**:
- Use `booktabs` LaTeX package
- Bold best value per metric
- Include direction symbols (higher/lower better)
- Consistent decimal precision

```latex
\usepackage{booktabs}
\begin{tabular}{lcc}
\toprule
Method & Accuracy $\uparrow$ & Latency $\downarrow$ \\
\midrule
Baseline & 85.2 & 45ms \\
\textbf{Ours} & \textbf{92.1} & 38ms \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
```

### Step 4.5: Decide: More Experiments or Write?

| Situation | Action |
|-----------|--------|
| Core claims supported, results significant | Move to Phase 5 (writing) |
| Results inconclusive, need more data | Back to Phase 2 (design) |
| Unexpected finding suggests new direction | Back to Phase 2 (design) |
| Missing one ablation reviewers will ask for | Run it, then Phase 5 |
| All experiments done but some failed | Note failures, move to Phase 5 |

---

## Iterative Refinement: Strategy Selection

Any output in this pipeline — paper drafts, experiment scripts, analysis — can be iteratively refined. The autoreason research provides empirical evidence for when each refinement strategy works and when it fails. Use this section to choose the right approach.

### Quick Decision Table

| Your Situation | Strategy | Why |
|---------------|----------|-----|
| Mid-tier model + constrained task | **Autoreason** | Sweet spot. Generation-evaluation gap is widest. Baselines actively destroy weak model outputs. |
| Mid-tier model + open task | **Autoreason** with scope constraints added | Add fixed facts, structure, or deliverable to bound the improvement space. |
| Frontier model + constrained task | **Autoreason** | Wins 2/3 constrained tasks even at frontier. |
| Frontier model + unconstrained task | **Critique-and-revise** or **single pass** | Autoreason comes last. Model self-evaluates well enough. |
| Concrete technical task (system design) | **Critique-and-revise** | Direct find-and-fix loop is more efficient. |
| Template-filling task (one correct structure) | **Single pass** or **conservative** | Minimal decision space. Iteration adds no value. |
| Code with test cases | **Autoreason (code variant)** | Structured analysis of *why* it failed before fixing. Recovery rate 62% vs 43%. |
| Very weak model (Llama 8B class) | **Single pass** | Model too weak for diverse candidates. Invest in generation quality. |

### The Generation-Evaluation Gap

**Core insight**: Autoreason's value depends on the gap between a model's generation capability and its self-evaluation capability.

```
Model Tier        │ Generation │ Self-Eval │ Gap    │ Autoreason Value
──────────────────┼────────────┼───────────┼────────┼─────────────────
Weak (Llama 8B)   │ Poor       │ Poor      │ Small  │ None — can't generate diverse candidates
Mid (Haiku 3.5)   │ Decent     │ Poor      │ LARGE  │ MAXIMUM — 42/42 perfect Borda
Mid (Gemini Flash)│ Decent     │ Moderate  │ Large  │ High — wins 2/3
Strong (Sonnet 4) │ Good       │ Decent    │ Medium │ Moderate — wins 3/5
Frontier (S4.6)   │ Excellent  │ Good      │ Small  │ Only with constraints
```

This gap is structural, not temporary. As costs drop, today's frontier becomes tomorrow's mid-tier. The sweet spot moves but never disappears.

### Autoreason Loop (Summary)

Each pass produces three candidates from fresh, isolated agents:

1. **Critic** → finds problems in incumbent A (no fixes)
2. **Author B** → revises A based on critique
3. **Synthesizer** → merges A and B (randomized labels)
4. **Judge Panel** → 3 blind CoT judges rank A, B, AB via Borda count
5. **Convergence** → A wins k=2 consecutive passes → done

**Key parameters:**
- k=2 convergence (k=1 premature, k=3 too expensive, no quality gain)
- CoT judges always (3x faster convergence)
- Temperature 0.8 authors, 0.3 judges
- Conservative tiebreak: incumbent wins ties
- Every role is a fresh agent with no shared context

### Applying to Paper Drafts

When refining the paper itself through autoreason:
- **Provide ground truth to the critic**: actual experimental data, result JSONs, statistical outputs. Without this, models hallucinate fabricated ablation studies and fake confidence intervals.
- **Use 3 working judges minimum**: A broken judge parser doesn't add noise — it prevents equilibrium entirely.
- **Scope constrain the revision**: "Address these specific weaknesses" not "improve the paper."

### Failure Modes

| Failure | Detection | Fix |
|---------|-----------|-----|
| No convergence (A never wins) | A wins <15% over 20+ passes | Add scope constraints to the task |
| Synthesis drift | Word counts grow unboundedly | Constrain structure and deliverable |
| Degradation below single pass | Baselines score higher than iterated output | Switch to single pass; model may be too weak |
| Overfitting (code) | High public-test pass, low private-test pass | Use structured analysis, not just test feedback |
| Broken judges | Parsing failures reduce panel below 3 | Fix parser before continuing |

See [references/autoreason-methodology.md](references/autoreason-methodology.md) for complete prompts, Borda scoring details, model selection guide, scope constraint design patterns, and compute budget reference.

---

## Phase 5: Paper Drafting

**Goal**: Write a complete, publication-ready paper.

### The Narrative Principle

**The single most critical insight**: Your paper is not a collection of experiments — it's a story with one clear contribution supported by evidence.

Every successful ML paper centers on what Neel Nanda calls "the narrative": a short, rigorous, evidence-based technical story with a takeaway readers care about.

**Three Pillars (must be crystal clear by end of introduction):**

| Pillar | Description | Test |
|--------|-------------|------|
| **The What** | 1-3 specific novel claims | Can you state them in one sentence? |
| **The Why** | Rigorous empirical evidence | Do experiments distinguish your hypothesis from alternatives? |
| **The So What** | Why readers should care | Does this connect to a recognized community problem? |

**If you cannot state your contribution in one sentence, you don't yet have a paper.**

### Time Allocation

Spend approximately **equal time** on each of:
1. The abstract
2. The introduction
3. The figures
4. Everything else combined

**Why?** Most reviewers form judgments before reaching your methods. Readers encounter your paper as: title → abstract → introduction → figures → maybe the rest.

### Writing Workflow

```
Paper Writing Checklist:
- [ ] Step 1: Define the one-sentence contribution
- [ ] Step 2: Draft Figure 1 (core idea or most compelling result)
- [ ] Step 3: Draft abstract (5-sentence formula)
- [ ] Step 4: Draft introduction (1-1.5 pages max)
- [ ] Step 5: Draft methods
- [ ] Step 6: Draft experiments & results
- [ ] Step 7: Draft related work
- [ ] Step 8: Draft conclusion & discussion
- [ ] Step 9: Draft limitations (REQUIRED by all venues)
- [ ] Step 10: Plan appendix (proofs, extra experiments, details)
- [ ] Step 11: Complete paper checklist
- [ ] Step 12: Final review
```

### Step 5.0: Title

The title is the single most-read element of the paper. It determines whether anyone clicks through to the abstract.

**Good titles**:
- State the contribution or finding: "Autoreason: When Iterative LLM Refinement Works and Why It Fails"
- Highlight a surprising result: "Scaling Data-Constrained Language Models" (implies you can)
- Name the method + what it does: "DPO: Direct Preference Optimization of Language Models"

**Bad titles**:
- Too generic: "An Approach to Improving Language Model Outputs"
- Too long: anything over ~15 words
- Jargon-only: "Asymptotic Convergence of Iterative Stochastic Policy Refinement" (who is this for?)

**Rules**:
- Include your method name if you have one (for citability)
- Include 1-2 keywords reviewers will search for
- Avoid colons unless both halves carry meaning
- Test: would a reviewer know the domain and contribution from the title alone?

### Step 5.1: Abstract (5-Sentence Formula)

From Sebastian Farquhar (DeepMind):

```
1. What you achieved: "We introduce...", "We prove...", "We demonstrate..."
2. Why this is hard and important
3. How you do it (with specialist keywords for discoverability)
4. What evidence you have
5. Your most remarkable number/result
```

**Delete** generic openings like "Large language models have achieved remarkable success..."

### Step 5.2: Figure 1

Figure 1 is the second thing most readers look at (after abstract). Draft it before writing the introduction — it forces you to clarify the core idea.

| Figure 1 Type | When to Use | Example |
|---------------|-------------|---------|
| **Method diagram** | New architecture or pipeline | TikZ flowchart showing your system |
| **Results teaser** | One compelling result tells the whole story | Bar chart: "Ours vs baselines" with clear gap |
| **Problem illustration** | The problem is unintuitive | Before/after showing failure mode you fix |
| **Conceptual diagram** | Abstract contribution needs visual grounding | 2x2 matrix of method properties |

**Rules**: Figure 1 must be understandable without reading any text. The caption alone should communicate the core idea. Use color purposefully — don't just decorate.

### Step 5.3: Introduction (1-1.5 pages max)

Must include:
- Clear problem statement
- Brief approach overview
- 2-4 bullet contribution list (max 1-2 lines each in two-column format)
- Methods should start by page 2-3

### Step 5.3: Methods

Enable reimplementation:
- Conceptual outline or pseudocode
- All hyperparameters listed
- Architectural details sufficient for reproduction
- Present final design decisions; ablations go in experiments

### Step 5.4: Experiments & Results

For each experiment, explicitly state:
- **What claim it supports**
- How it connects to main contribution
- What to observe: "the blue line shows X, which demonstrates Y"

Requirements:
- Error bars with methodology (std dev vs std error)
- Hyperparameter search ranges
- Compute infrastructure (GPU type, total hours)
- Seed-setting methods

### Step 5.5: Related Work

Organize methodologically, not paper-by-paper. Cite generously — reviewers likely authored relevant papers.

### Step 5.6: Limitations (REQUIRED)

All major conferences require this. Honesty helps:
- Reviewers are instructed not to penalize honest limitation acknowledgment
- Pre-empt criticisms by identifying weaknesses first
- Explain why limitations don't undermine core claims

### Step 5.7: Conclusion & Discussion

**Conclusion** (required, 0.5-1 page):
- Restate the contribution in one sentence (different wording from abstract)
- Summarize key findings (2-3 sentences, not a list)
- Implications: what does this mean for the field?
- Future work: 2-3 concrete next steps (not vague "we leave X for future work")

**Discussion** (optional, sometimes combined with conclusion):
- Broader implications beyond immediate results
- Connections to other subfields
- Honest assessment of when the method does and doesn't work
- Practical deployment considerations

**Do NOT** introduce new results or claims in the conclusion.

### Step 5.8: Appendix Strategy

Appendices are unlimited at all major venues and are essential for reproducibility. Structure:

| Appendix Section | What Goes Here |
|-----------------|---------------|
| **Proofs & Derivations** | Full proofs too long for main text. Main text can state theorems with "proof in Appendix A." |
| **Additional Experiments** | Ablations, scaling curves, per-dataset breakdowns, hyperparameter sensitivity |
| **Implementation Details** | Full hyperparameter tables, training details, hardware specs, random seeds |
| **Dataset Documentation** | Data collection process, annotation guidelines, licensing, preprocessing |
| **Prompts & Templates** | Exact prompts used (for LLM-based methods), evaluation templates |
| **Human Evaluation** | Annotation interface screenshots, instructions given to annotators, IRB details |
| **Additional Figures** | Per-task breakdowns, trajectory visualizations, failure case examples |

**Rules**:
- The main paper must be self-contained — reviewers are not required to read appendices
- Never put critical evidence only in the appendix
- Cross-reference: "Full results in Table 5 (Appendix B)" not just "see appendix"
- Use `\appendix` command, then `\section{A: Proofs}` etc.

### Page Budget Management

When over the page limit:

| Cut Strategy | Saves | Risk |
|-------------|-------|------|
| Move proofs to appendix | 0.5-2 pages | Low — standard practice |
| Condense related work | 0.5-1 page | Medium — may miss key citations |
| Combine tables with subfigures | 0.25-0.5 page | Low — often improves readability |
| Use `\vspace{-Xpt}` sparingly | 0.1-0.3 page | Low if subtle, high if obvious |
| Remove qualitative examples | 0.5-1 page | Medium — reviewers like examples |
| Reduce figure sizes | 0.25-0.5 page | High — figures must remain readable |

**Do NOT**: reduce font size, change margins, remove required sections (limitations, broader impact), or use `\small`/`\footnotesize` for main text.

### Writing Style

**Sentence-level clarity (Gopen & Swan's 7 Principles):**

| Principle | Rule |
|-----------|------|
| Subject-verb proximity | Keep subject and verb close |
| Stress position | Place emphasis at sentence ends |
| Topic position | Put context first, new info after |
| Old before new | Familiar info → unfamiliar info |
| One unit, one function | Each paragraph makes one point |
| Action in verb | Use verbs, not nominalizations |
| Context before new | Set stage before presenting |

**Word choice (Lipton, Steinhardt):**
- Be specific: "accuracy" not "performance"
- Eliminate hedging: drop "may" unless genuinely uncertain
- Consistent terminology throughout
- Avoid incremental vocabulary: "develop", not "combine"

**Full writing guide with examples**: See [references/writing-guide.md](references/writing-guide.md)

### Using LaTeX Templates

**Always copy the entire template directory first, then write within it.**

```
Template Setup Checklist:
- [ ] Step 1: Copy entire template directory to new project
- [ ] Step 2: Verify template compiles as-is (before any changes)
- [ ] Step 3: Read the template's example content to understand structure
- [ ] Step 4: Replace example content section by section
- [ ] Step 5: Use template macros (check preamble for \newcommand definitions)
- [ ] Step 6: Clean up template artifacts only at the end
```

**Step 1: Copy the Full Template**

```bash
cp -r templates/neurips2025/ ~/papers/my-paper/
cd ~/papers/my-paper/
ls -la  # Should see: main.tex, neurips.sty, Makefile, etc.
```

Copy the ENTIRE directory, not just the .tex file. Templates include style files (.sty), bibliography styles (.bst), example content, and Makefiles.

**Step 2: Verify Template Compiles First**

Before making ANY changes:
```bash
latexmk -pdf main.tex
# Or manual: pdflatex main.tex && bibtex main && pdflatex main.tex && pdflatex main.tex
```

If the unmodified template doesn't compile, fix that first (usually missing TeX packages — install via `tlmgr install <package>`).

**Step 3: Keep Template Content as Reference**

Don't immediately delete example content. Comment it out and use as formatting reference:
```latex
% Template example (keep for reference):
% \begin{figure}[t]
%   \centering
%   \includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{example-image}
%   \caption{Template shows caption style}
% \end{figure}

% Your actual figure:
\begin{figure}[t]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{your-figure.pdf}
  \caption{Your caption following the same style.}
\end{figure}
```

**Step 4: Replace Content Section by Section**

Work through systematically: title/authors → abstract → introduction → methods → experiments → related work → conclusion → references → appendix. Compile after each section.

**Step 5: Use Template Macros**

```latex
\newcommand{\method}{YourMethodName}  % Consistent method naming
\newcommand{\eg}{e.g.,\xspace}        % Proper abbreviations
\newcommand{\ie}{i.e.,\xspace}
```

### Template Pitfalls

| Pitfall | Problem | Solution |
|---------|---------|----------|
| Copying only `.tex` file | Missing `.sty`, won't compile | Copy entire directory |
| Modifying `.sty` files | Breaks conference formatting | Never edit style files |
| Adding random packages | Conflicts, breaks template | Only add if necessary |
| Deleting template content early | Lose formatting reference | Keep as comments until done |
| Not compiling frequently | Errors accumulate | Compile after each section |
| Raster PNGs for figures | Blurry in paper | Always use vector PDF via `savefig('fig.pdf')` |

### Quick Template Reference

| Conference | Main File | Style File | Page Limit |
|------------|-----------|------------|------------|
| NeurIPS 2025 | `main.tex` | `neurips.sty` | 9 pages |
| ICML 2026 | `example_paper.tex` | `icml2026.sty` | 8 pages |
| ICLR 2026 | `iclr2026_conference.tex` | `iclr2026_conference.sty` | 9 pages |
| ACL 2025 | `acl_latex.tex` | `acl.sty` | 8 pages (long) |
| AAAI 2026 | `aaai2026-unified-template.tex` | `aaai2026.sty` | 7 pages |
| COLM 2025 | `colm2025_conference.tex` | `colm2025_conference.sty` | 9 pages |

**Universal**: Double-blind, references don't count, appendices unlimited, LaTeX required.

Templates in `templates/` directory. See [templates/README.md](templates/README.md) for compilation setup (VS Code, CLI, Overleaf, other IDEs).

### Tables and Figures

**Tables** — use `booktabs` for professional formatting:

```latex
\usepackage{booktabs}
\begin{tabular}{lcc}
\toprule
Method & Accuracy $\uparrow$ & Latency $\downarrow$ \\
\midrule
Baseline & 85.2 & 45ms \\
\textbf{Ours} & \textbf{92.1} & 38ms \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
```

Rules:
- Bold best value per metric
- Include direction symbols ($\uparrow$ higher better, $\downarrow$ lower better)
- Right-align numerical columns
- Consistent decimal precision

**Figures**:
- **Vector graphics** (PDF, EPS) for all plots and diagrams — `plt.savefig('fig.pdf')`
- **Raster** (PNG 600 DPI) only for photographs
- **Colorblind-safe palettes** (Okabe-Ito or Paul Tol)
- Verify **grayscale readability** (8% of men have color vision deficiency)
- **No title inside figure** — the caption serves this function
- **Self-contained captions** — reader should understand without main text

### Conference Resubmission

For converting between venues, see Phase 7 (Submission Preparation) — it covers the full conversion workflow, page-change table, and post-rejection guidance.

### Professional LaTeX Preamble

Add these packages to any paper for professional quality. They are compatible with all major conference style files:

```latex
% --- Professional Packages (add after conference style file) ---

% Typography
\usepackage{microtype}              % Microtypographic improvements (protrusion, expansion)
                                     % Makes text noticeably more polished — always include

% Tables
\usepackage{booktabs}               % Professional table rules (\toprule, \midrule, \bottomrule)
\usepackage{siunitx}                % Consistent number formatting, decimal alignment
                                     % Usage: \num{12345} → 12,345; \SI{3.5}{GHz} → 3.5 GHz
                                     % Table alignment: S column type for decimal-aligned numbers

% Figures
\usepackage{graphicx}               % Include graphics (\includegraphics)
\usepackage{subcaption}             % Subfigures with (a), (b), (c) labels
                                     % Usage: \begin{subfigure}{0.48\textwidth} ... \end{subfigure}

% Diagrams and Algorithms
\usepackage{tikz}                   % Programmable vector diagrams
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta, positioning, shapes.geometric, calc, fit, backgrounds}
\usepackage[ruled,vlined]{algorithm2e}  % Professional pseudocode
                                     % Alternative: \usepackage{algorithmicx} if template bundles it

% Cross-references
\usepackage{cleveref}               % Smart references: \cref{fig:x} → "Figure 1"
                                     % MUST be loaded AFTER hyperref
                                     % Handles: figures, tables, sections, equations, algorithms

% Math (usually included by conference .sty, but verify)
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}        % AMS math environments and symbols
\usepackage{mathtools}              % Extends amsmath (dcases, coloneqq, etc.)

% Colors (for figures and diagrams)
\usepackage{xcolor}                 % Color management
% Okabe-Ito colorblind-safe palette:
\definecolor{okblue}{HTML}{0072B2}
\definecolor{okorange}{HTML}{E69F00}
\definecolor{okgreen}{HTML}{009E73}
\definecolor{okred}{HTML}{D55E00}
\definecolor{okpurple}{HTML}{CC79A7}
\definecolor{okcyan}{HTML}{56B4E9}
\definecolor{okyellow}{HTML}{F0E442}
```

**Notes:**
- `microtype` is the single highest-impact package for visual quality. It adjusts character spacing at a sub-pixel level. Always include it.
- `siunitx` handles decimal alignment in tables via the `S` column type — eliminates manual spacing.
- `cleveref` must be loaded **after** `hyperref`. Most conference .sty files load hyperref, so put cleveref last.
- Check if the conference template already loads any of these (especially `algorithm`, `amsmath`, `graphicx`). Don't double-load.

### siunitx Table Alignment

`siunitx` makes number-heavy tables significantly more readable:

```latex
\begin{tabular}{l S[table-format=2.1] S[table-format=2.1] S[table-format=2.1]}
\toprule
Method & {Accuracy $\uparrow$} & {F1 $\uparrow$} & {Latency (ms) $\downarrow$} \\
\midrule
Baseline         & 85.2  & 83.7  & 45.3 \\
Ablation (no X)  & 87.1  & 85.4  & 42.1 \\
\textbf{Ours}    & \textbf{92.1} & \textbf{90.8} & \textbf{38.7} \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
```

The `S` column type auto-aligns on the decimal point. Headers in `{}` escape the alignment.

### Subfigures

Standard pattern for side-by-side figures:

```latex
\begin{figure}[t]
  \centering
  \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.48\textwidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig_results_a.pdf}
    \caption{Results on Dataset A.}
    \label{fig:results-a}
  \end{subfigure}
  \hfill
  \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.48\textwidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig_results_b.pdf}
    \caption{Results on Dataset B.}
    \label{fig:results-b}
  \end{subfigure}
  \caption{Comparison of our method across two datasets. (a) shows the scaling
  behavior and (b) shows the ablation results. Both use 5 random seeds.}
  \label{fig:results}
\end{figure}
```

Use `\cref{fig:results}` → "Figure 1", `\cref{fig:results-a}` → "Figure 1a".

### Pseudocode with algorithm2e

```latex
\begin{algorithm}[t]
\caption{Iterative Refinement with Judge Panel}
\label{alg:method}
\KwIn{Task $T$, model $M$, judges $J_1 \ldots J_n$, convergence threshold $k$}
\KwOut{Final output $A^*$}
$A \gets M(T)$ \tcp*{Initial generation}
$\text{streak} \gets 0$\;
\While{$\text{streak} < k$}{
  $C \gets \text{Critic}(A, T)$ \tcp*{Identify weaknesses}
  $B \gets M(T, C)$ \tcp*{Revised version addressing critique}
  $AB \gets \text{Synthesize}(A, B)$ \tcp*{Merge best elements}
  \ForEach{judge $J_i$}{
    $\text{rank}_i \gets J_i(\text{shuffle}(A, B, AB))$ \tcp*{Blind ranking}
  }
  $\text{winner} \gets \text{BordaCount}(\text{ranks})$\;
  \eIf{$\text{winner} = A$}{
    $\text{streak} \gets \text{streak} + 1$\;
  }{
    $A \gets \text{winner}$; $\text{streak} \gets 0$\;
  }
}
\Return{$A$}\;
\end{algorithm}
```

### TikZ Diagram Patterns

TikZ is the standard for method diagrams in ML papers. Common patterns:

**Pipeline/Flow Diagram** (most common in ML papers):

```latex
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[
  node distance=1.8cm,
  box/.style={rectangle, draw, rounded corners, minimum height=1cm, 
              minimum width=2cm, align=center, font=\small},
  arrow/.style={-{Stealth[length=3mm]}, thick},
]
  \node[box, fill=okcyan!20] (input) {Input\\$x$};
  \node[box, fill=okblue!20, right of=input] (encoder) {Encoder\\$f_\theta$};
  \node[box, fill=okgreen!20, right of=encoder] (latent) {Latent\\$z$};
  \node[box, fill=okorange!20, right of=latent] (decoder) {Decoder\\$g_\phi$};
  \node[box, fill=okred!20, right of=decoder] (output) {Output\\$\hat{x}$};
  
  \draw[arrow] (input) -- (encoder);
  \draw[arrow] (encoder) -- (latent);
  \draw[arrow] (latent) -- (decoder);
  \draw[arrow] (decoder) -- (output);
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{Architecture overview. The encoder maps input $x$ to latent 
representation $z$, which the decoder reconstructs.}
\label{fig:architecture}
\end{figure}
```

**Comparison/Matrix Diagram** (for showing method variants):

```latex
\begin{tikzpicture}[
  cell/.style={rectangle, draw, minimum width=2.5cm, minimum height=1cm, 
               align=center, font=\small},
  header/.style={cell, fill=gray!20, font=\small\bfseries},
]
  % Headers
  \node[header] at (0, 0) {Method};
  \node[header] at (3, 0) {Converges?};
  \node[header] at (6, 0) {Quality?};
  % Rows
  \node[cell] at (0, -1) {Single Pass};
  \node[cell, fill=okgreen!15] at (3, -1) {N/A};
  \node[cell, fill=okorange!15] at (6, -1) {Baseline};
  \node[cell] at (0, -2) {Critique+Revise};
  \node[cell, fill=okred!15] at (3, -2) {No};
  \node[cell, fill=okred!15] at (6, -2) {Degrades};
  \node[cell] at (0, -3) {Ours};
  \node[cell, fill=okgreen!15] at (3, -3) {Yes ($k$=2)};
  \node[cell, fill=okgreen!15] at (6, -3) {Improves};
\end{tikzpicture}
```

**Iterative Loop Diagram** (for methods with feedback):

```latex
\begin{tikzpicture}[
  node distance=2cm,
  box/.style={rectangle, draw, rounded corners, minimum height=0.8cm, 
              minimum width=1.8cm, align=center, font=\small},
  arrow/.style={-{Stealth[length=3mm]}, thick},
  label/.style={font=\scriptsize, midway, above},
]
  \node[box, fill=okblue!20] (gen) {Generator};
  \node[box, fill=okred!20, right=2.5cm of gen] (critic) {Critic};
  \node[box, fill=okgreen!20, below=1.5cm of $(gen)!0.5!(critic)$] (judge) {Judge Panel};
  
  \draw[arrow] (gen) -- node[label] {output $A$} (critic);
  \draw[arrow] (critic) -- node[label, right] {critique $C$} (judge);
  \draw[arrow] (judge) -| node[label, left, pos=0.3] {winner} (gen);
\end{tikzpicture}
```

### latexdiff for Revision Tracking

Essential for rebuttals — generates a marked-up PDF showing changes between versions:

```bash
# Install
# macOS: brew install latexdiff (or comes with TeX Live)
# Linux: sudo apt install latexdiff

# Generate diff
latexdiff paper_v1.tex paper_v2.tex > paper_diff.tex
pdflatex paper_diff.tex

# For multi-file projects (with \input{} or \include{})
latexdiff --flatten paper_v1.tex paper_v2.tex > paper_diff.tex
```

This produces a PDF with deletions in red strikethrough and additions in blue — standard format for rebuttal supplements.

### SciencePlots for matplotlib

Install and use for publication-quality plots:

```bash
pip install SciencePlots
```

```python
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import scienceplots  # registers styles

# Use science style (IEEE-like, clean)
with plt.style.context(['science', 'no-latex']):
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(3.5, 2.5))  # Single-column width
    ax.plot(x, y, label='Ours', color='#0072B2')
    ax.plot(x, y2, label='Baseline', color='#D55E00', linestyle='--')
    ax.set_xlabel('Training Steps')
    ax.set_ylabel('Accuracy')
    ax.legend()
    fig.savefig('paper/fig_results.pdf', bbox_inches='tight')

# Available styles: 'science', 'ieee', 'nature', 'science+ieee'
# Add 'no-latex' if LaTeX is not installed on the machine generating plots
```

**Standard figure sizes** (two-column format):
- Single column: `figsize=(3.5, 2.5)` — fits in one column
- Double column: `figsize=(7.0, 3.0)` — spans both columns
- Square: `figsize=(3.5, 3.5)` — for heatmaps, confusion matrices

---

## Phase 6: Self-Review & Revision

**Goal**: Simulate the review process before submission. Catch weaknesses early.

### Step 6.1: Simulate Reviews

Generate reviews from multiple perspectives using strong models (Opus 4, Sonnet 4.6, Gemini 2.5 Pro). Use the reviewer guidelines from the target venue.

**Review prompt template:**

```
You are an expert reviewer for [VENUE]. Review this paper according to the 
official reviewer guidelines. Evaluate:

1. Quality (technical soundness, baselines, claims supported by evidence)
2. Clarity (writing, notation consistency, reproducibility)
3. Significance (impact, importance of the problem)
4. Originality (novelty, new insights)

Provide:
- Summary (2-3 sentences)
- Strengths (bullet list)
- Weaknesses (bullet list, most critical first)
- Questions for authors
- Missing references
- Score (1-6 on NeurIPS scale)
- Confidence (1-5)
```

### Step 6.2: Prioritize Feedback

After collecting reviews, categorize:

| Priority | Action |
|----------|--------|
| **Critical** (technical flaw, missing baseline) | Must fix. May require new experiments → back to Phase 2 |
| **High** (clarity issue, missing ablation) | Should fix in this revision |
| **Medium** (minor writing issues, extra experiments) | Fix if time allows |
| **Low** (style preferences, tangential suggestions) | Note for future work |

### Step 6.3: Revision Cycle

For each critical/high issue:
1. Identify the specific section(s) affected
2. Draft the fix
3. Verify the fix doesn't break other claims
4. Update the paper
5. Re-check against the reviewer's concern

### Step 6.4: Rebuttal Writing

When responding to actual reviews (post-submission), rebuttals are a distinct skill from revision:

**Format**: Point-by-point. For each reviewer concern:
```
> R1-W1: "The paper lacks comparison with Method X."

We thank the reviewer for this suggestion. We have added a comparison with 
Method X in Table 3 (revised). Our method outperforms X by 3.2pp on [metric] 
(p<0.05). We note that X requires 2x our compute budget.
```

**Rules**:
- Address every concern — reviewers notice if you skip one
- Lead with the strongest responses
- Be concise and direct — reviewers read dozens of rebuttals
- Include new results if you ran experiments during the rebuttal period
- Never be defensive or dismissive, even of weak criticisms
- Use `latexdiff` to generate a marked-up PDF showing changes (see Professional LaTeX Tooling section)
- Thank reviewers for specific, actionable feedback (not generic praise)

**What NOT to do**: "We respectfully disagree" without evidence. "This is out of scope" without explanation. Ignoring a weakness by only responding to strengths.

### Step 6.5: Paper Evolution Tracking

Save snapshots at key milestones:
```
paper/
  paper.tex                    # Current working version
  paper_v1_first_draft.tex     # First complete draft
  paper_v2_post_review.tex     # After simulated review
  paper_v3_pre_submission.tex  # Final before submission
  paper_v4_camera_ready.tex    # Post-acceptance final
```

---

## Phase 7: Submission Preparation

**Goal**: Final checks, formatting, and submission.

### Step 7.1: Conference Checklist

Every venue has mandatory checklists. Complete them carefully — incomplete checklists can result in desk rejection.

See [references/checklists.md](references/checklists.md) for:
- NeurIPS 16-item paper checklist
- ICML broader impact + reproducibility
- ICLR LLM disclosure policy
- ACL mandatory limitations section
- Universal pre-submission checklist

### Step 7.2: Anonymization Checklist

Double-blind review means reviewers cannot know who wrote the paper. Check ALL of these:

```
Anonymization Checklist:
- [ ] No author names or affiliations anywhere in the PDF
- [ ] No acknowledgments section (add after acceptance)
- [ ] Self-citations written in third person: "Smith et al. [1] showed..." not "We previously showed [1]..."
- [ ] No GitHub/GitLab URLs pointing to your personal repos
- [ ] Use Anonymous GitHub (https://anonymous.4open.science/) for code links
- [ ] No institutional logos or identifiers in figures
- [ ] No file metadata containing author names (check PDF properties)
- [ ] No "our previous work" or "in our earlier paper" phrasing
- [ ] Dataset names don't reveal institution (rename if needed)
- [ ] Supplementary materials don't contain identifying information
```

**Common mistakes**: Git commit messages visible in supplementary code, watermarked figures from institutional tools, acknowledgments left in from a previous draft, arXiv preprint posted before anonymity period.

### Step 7.3: Formatting Verification

```
Pre-Submission Format Check:
- [ ] Page limit respected (excluding references and appendix)
- [ ] All figures are vector (PDF) or high-res raster (600 DPI PNG)
- [ ] All figures readable in grayscale
- [ ] All tables use booktabs
- [ ] References compile correctly (no "?" in citations)
- [ ] No overfull hboxes in critical areas
- [ ] Appendix clearly labeled and separated
- [ ] Required sections present (limitations, broader impact, etc.)
```

### Step 7.3: Final Compilation

```bash
# Clean build
rm -f *.aux *.bbl *.blg *.log *.out *.pdf
latexmk -pdf main.tex

# Or manual
pdflatex main.tex
bibtex main
pdflatex main.tex
pdflatex main.tex
```

### Step 7.4: Conference-Specific Requirements

| Venue | Special Requirements |
|-------|---------------------|
| **NeurIPS** | Paper checklist in appendix, lay summary if accepted |
| **ICML** | Broader Impact Statement (after conclusion, doesn't count toward limit) |
| **ICLR** | LLM disclosure required, reciprocal reviewing agreement |
| **ACL** | Mandatory Limitations section, Responsible NLP checklist |
| **AAAI** | Strict style file — no modifications whatsoever |
| **COLM** | Frame contribution for language model community |

### Step 7.6: Conference Resubmission & Format Conversion

When converting between venues, **never copy LaTeX preambles between templates**:

```bash
# 1. Start fresh with target template
cp -r templates/icml2026/ new_submission/

# 2. Copy ONLY content sections (not preamble)
#    - Abstract text, section content, figures, tables, bib entries

# 3. Adjust for page limits
# 4. Add venue-specific required sections
# 5. Update references
```

| From → To | Page Change | Key Adjustments |
|-----------|-------------|-----------------|
| NeurIPS → ICML | 9 → 8 | Cut 1 page, add Broader Impact |
| ICML → ICLR | 8 → 9 | Expand experiments, add LLM disclosure |
| NeurIPS → ACL | 9 → 8 | Restructure for NLP conventions, add Limitations |
| ICLR → AAAI | 9 → 7 | Significant cuts, strict style adherence |
| Any → COLM | varies → 9 | Reframe for language model focus |

When cutting pages: move proofs to appendix, condense related work, combine tables, use subfigures.
When expanding: add ablations, expand limitations, include additional baselines, add qualitative examples.

**After rejection**: Address reviewer concerns in the new version, but don't include a "changes" section or reference the previous submission (blind review).

### Step 7.7: Camera-Ready Preparation (Post-Acceptance)

After acceptance, prepare the camera-ready version:

```
Camera-Ready Checklist:
- [ ] De-anonymize: add author names, affiliations, email addresses
- [ ] Add Acknowledgments section (funding, compute grants, helpful reviewers)
- [ ] Add public code/data URL (real GitHub, not anonymous)
- [ ] Address any mandatory revisions from meta-reviewer
- [ ] Switch template to camera-ready mode (if applicable — e.g., AAAI \anon → \camera)
- [ ] Add copyright notice if required by venue
- [ ] Update any "anonymous" placeholders in text
- [ ] Verify final PDF compiles cleanly
- [ ] Check page limit for camera-ready (sometimes differs from submission)
- [ ] Upload supplementary materials (code, data, appendix) to venue portal
```

---

## Hermes Agent Integration

This skill is designed for the Hermes agent. It uses Hermes tools, delegation, scheduling, and memory for the full research lifecycle.

### Related Skills

Compose this skill with other Hermes skills for specific phases:

| Skill | When to Use | How to Load |
|-------|-------------|-------------|
| **arxiv** | Phase 1 (Literature Review): searching arXiv, generating BibTeX, finding related papers via Semantic Scholar | `skill_view("arxiv")` |
| **subagent-driven-development** | Phase 5 (Drafting): parallel section writing with 2-stage review (spec compliance then quality) | `skill_view("subagent-driven-development")` |
| **plan** | Phase 0 (Setup): creating structured plans before execution. Writes to `.hermes/plans/` | `skill_view("plan")` |
| **qmd** | Phase 1 (Literature): searching local knowledge bases (notes, transcripts, docs) via hybrid BM25+vector search | Install: `skill_manage("install", "qmd")` |
| **diagramming** | Phase 4-5: creating Excalidraw-based figures and architecture diagrams | `skill_view("diagramming")` |
| **data-science** | Phase 4 (Analysis): Jupyter live kernel for interactive analysis and visualization | `skill_view("data-science")` |

**This skill supersedes `ml-paper-writing`** — it contains all of ml-paper-writing's content plus the full experiment/analysis pipeline and autoreason methodology.

### Hermes Tools Reference

| Tool | Usage in This Pipeline |
|------|----------------------|
| **`terminal`** | LaTeX compilation (`latexmk -pdf`), git operations, launching experiments (`nohup python run.py &`), process checks |
| **`process`** | Background experiment management: `process("start", ...)`, `process("poll", pid)`, `process("log", pid)`, `process("kill", pid)` |
| **`execute_code`** | Run Python for citation verification, statistical analysis, data aggregation. Has tool access via RPC. |
| **`read_file`** / **`write_file`** / **`patch`** | Paper editing, experiment scripts, result files. Use `patch` for targeted edits to large .tex files. |
| **`web_search`** | Literature discovery: `web_search("transformer attention mechanism 2024")` |
| **`web_extract`** | Fetch paper content, verify citations: `web_extract("https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.17651")` |
| **`delegate_task`** | **Parallel section drafting** — spawn isolated subagents for each section. Also for concurrent citation verification. |
| **`todo`** | Primary state tracker across sessions. Update after every phase transition. |
| **`memory`** | Persist key decisions across sessions: contribution framing, venue choice, reviewer feedback. |
| **`cronjob`** | Schedule experiment monitoring, deadline countdowns, automated arXiv checks. |
| **`clarify`** | Ask the user targeted questions when blocked (venue choice, contribution framing). |
| **`send_message`** | Notify user when experiments complete or drafts are ready, even if user isn't in chat. |

### Tool Usage Patterns

**Experiment monitoring** (most common):
```
terminal("ps aux | grep <pattern>")
→ terminal("tail -30 <logfile>")
→ terminal("ls results/")
→ execute_code("analyze results JSON, compute metrics")
→ terminal("git add -A && git commit -m '<descriptive message>' && git push")
→ send_message("Experiment complete: <summary>")
```

**Parallel section drafting** (using delegation):
```
delegate_task("Draft the Methods section based on these experiment scripts and configs. 
  Include: pseudocode, all hyperparameters, architectural details sufficient for 
  reproduction. Write in LaTeX using the neurips2025 template conventions.")

delegate_task("Draft the Related Work section. Use web_search and web_extract to 
  find papers. Verify every citation via Semantic Scholar. Group by methodology.")

delegate_task("Draft the Experiments section. Read all result files in results/. 
  State which claim each experiment supports. Include error bars and significance.")
```

Each delegate runs as a **fresh subagent** with no shared context — provide all necessary information in the prompt. Collect outputs and integrate.

**Citation verification** (using execute_code):
```python
# In execute_code:
from semanticscholar import SemanticScholar
import requests

sch = SemanticScholar()
results = sch.search_paper("attention mechanism transformers", limit=5)
for paper in results:
    doi = paper.externalIds.get('DOI', 'N/A')
    if doi != 'N/A':
        bibtex = requests.get(f"https://doi.org/{doi}", 
                              headers={"Accept": "application/x-bibtex"}).text
        print(bibtex)
```

### State Management with `memory` and `todo`

**`memory` tool** — persist key decisions (bounded: ~2200 chars for MEMORY.md):

```
memory("add", "Paper: autoreason. Venue: NeurIPS 2025 (9 pages). 
  Contribution: structured refinement works when generation-evaluation gap is wide.
  Key results: Haiku 42/42, Sonnet 3/5, S4.6 constrained 2/3.
  Status: Phase 5 — drafting Methods section.")
```

Update memory after major decisions or phase transitions. This persists across sessions.

**`todo` tool** — track granular progress:

```
todo("add", "Design constrained task experiments for Sonnet 4.6")
todo("add", "Run Haiku baseline comparison")
todo("add", "Draft Methods section")
todo("update", id=3, status="in_progress")
todo("update", id=1, status="completed")
```

**Session startup protocol:**
```
1. todo("list")                           # Check current task list
2. memory("read")                         # Recall key decisions
3. terminal("git log --oneline -10")      # Check recent commits
4. terminal("ps aux | grep python")       # Check running experiments
5. terminal("ls results/ | tail -20")     # Check for new results
6. Report status to user, ask for direction
```

### Cron Monitoring with `cronjob`

Use the `cronjob` tool to schedule periodic experiment checks:

```
cronjob("create", {
  "schedule": "*/30 * * * *",  # Every 30 minutes
  "prompt": "Check experiment status:
    1. ps aux | grep run_experiment
    2. tail -30 logs/experiment_haiku.log
    3. ls results/haiku_baselines/
    4. If complete: read results, compute Borda scores, 
       git add -A && git commit -m 'Add Haiku results' && git push
    5. Report: table of results, key finding, next step
    6. If nothing changed: respond with [SILENT]"
})
```

**[SILENT] protocol**: When nothing has changed since the last check, respond with exactly `[SILENT]`. This suppresses notification delivery to the user. Only report when there are genuine changes worth knowing about.

**Deadline tracking**:
```
cronjob("create", {
  "schedule": "0 9 * * *",  # Daily at 9am
  "prompt": "NeurIPS 2025 deadline: May 22. Today is {date}. 
    Days remaining: {compute}. 
    Check todo list — are we on track? 
    If <7 days: warn user about remaining tasks."
})
```

### Communication Patterns

**When to notify the user** (via `send_message` or direct response):
- Experiment batch completed (with results table)
- Unexpected finding or failure requiring decision
- Draft section ready for review
- Deadline approaching with incomplete tasks

**When NOT to notify:**
- Experiment still running, no new results → `[SILENT]`
- Routine monitoring with no changes → `[SILENT]`
- Intermediate steps that don't need attention

**Report format** — always include structured data:
```
## Experiment: <name>
Status: Complete / Running / Failed

| Task | Method A | Method B | Method C |
|------|---------|---------|---------|
| Task 1 | 85.2 | 82.1 | **89.4** |

Key finding: <one sentence>
Next step: <what happens next>
```

### Decision Points Requiring Human Input

Use `clarify` for targeted questions when genuinely blocked:

| Decision | When to Ask |
|----------|-------------|
| Target venue | Before starting paper (affects page limits, framing) |
| Contribution framing | When multiple valid framings exist |
| Experiment priority | When TODO list has more experiments than time allows |
| Submission readiness | Before final submission |

**Do NOT ask about** (be proactive, make a choice, flag it):
- Word choice, section ordering
- Which specific results to highlight
- Citation completeness (draft with what you find, note gaps)

---

## Reviewer Evaluation Criteria

Understanding what reviewers look for helps focus effort:

| Criterion | What They Check |
|-----------|----------------|
| **Quality** | Technical soundness, well-supported claims, fair baselines |
| **Clarity** | Clear writing, reproducible by experts, consistent notation |
| **Significance** | Community impact, advances understanding |
| **Originality** | New insights (doesn't require new method) |

**Scoring (NeurIPS 6-point scale):**
- 6: Strong Accept — groundbreaking, flawless
- 5: Accept — technically solid, high impact
- 4: Borderline Accept — solid, limited evaluation
- 3: Borderline Reject — weaknesses outweigh
- 2: Reject — technical flaws
- 1: Strong Reject — known results or ethics issues

See [references/reviewer-guidelines.md](references/reviewer-guidelines.md) for detailed guidelines, common concerns, and rebuttal strategies.

---

## Common Issues and Solutions

| Issue | Solution |
|-------|----------|
| Abstract too generic | Delete first sentence if it could prepend any ML paper. Start with your specific contribution. |
| Introduction exceeds 1.5 pages | Split background into Related Work. Front-load contribution bullets. |
| Experiments lack explicit claims | Add: "This experiment tests whether [specific claim]..." before each one. |
| Reviewers find paper hard to follow | Add signposting, use consistent terminology, make figure captions self-contained. |
| Missing statistical significance | Add error bars, number of runs, statistical tests, confidence intervals. |
| Scope creep in experiments | Every experiment must map to a specific claim. Cut experiments that don't. |
| Paper rejected, need to resubmit | See Conference Resubmission in Phase 7. Address reviewer concerns without referencing reviews. |

---

## Reference Documents

| Document | Contents |
|----------|----------|
| [references/writing-guide.md](references/writing-guide.md) | Gopen & Swan 7 principles, Perez micro-tips, Lipton word choice, Steinhardt precision, figure design |
| [references/citation-workflow.md](references/citation-workflow.md) | Citation APIs, Python code, CitationManager class, BibTeX management |
| [references/checklists.md](references/checklists.md) | NeurIPS 16-item, ICML, ICLR, ACL requirements, universal pre-submission checklist |
| [references/reviewer-guidelines.md](references/reviewer-guidelines.md) | Evaluation criteria, scoring, common concerns, rebuttal template |
| [references/sources.md](references/sources.md) | Complete bibliography of all writing guides, conference guidelines, APIs |
| [references/experiment-patterns.md](references/experiment-patterns.md) | Experiment design patterns, evaluation protocols, monitoring, error recovery |
| [references/autoreason-methodology.md](references/autoreason-methodology.md) | Autoreason loop, strategy selection, model guide, prompts, scope constraints, Borda scoring |

### LaTeX Templates

Templates in `templates/` for: **NeurIPS 2025**, **ICML 2026**, **ICLR 2026**, **ACL**, **AAAI 2026**, **COLM 2025**.

See [templates/README.md](templates/README.md) for compilation instructions.

### Key External Sources

**Writing Philosophy:**
- [Neel Nanda: How to Write ML Papers](https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/eJGptPbbFPZGLpjsp/highly-opinionated-advice-on-how-to-write-ml-papers)
- [Sebastian Farquhar: How to Write ML Papers](https://sebastianfarquhar.com/on-research/2024/11/04/how_to_write_ml_papers/)
- [Gopen & Swan: Science of Scientific Writing](https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~swanson/papers/science-of-writing.pdf)
- [Lipton: Heuristics for Scientific Writing](https://www.approximatelycorrect.com/2018/01/29/heuristics-technical-scientific-writing-machine-learning-perspective/)
- [Perez: Easy Paper Writing Tips](https://ethanperez.net/easy-paper-writing-tips/)

**APIs:** [Semantic Scholar](https://api.semanticscholar.org/api-docs/) | [CrossRef](https://www.crossref.org/documentation/retrieve-metadata/rest-api/) | [arXiv](https://info.arxiv.org/help/api/basics.html)

**Venues:** [NeurIPS](https://neurips.cc/Conferences/2025/PaperInformation/StyleFiles) | [ICML](https://icml.cc/Conferences/2025/AuthorInstructions) | [ICLR](https://iclr.cc/Conferences/2026/AuthorGuide) | [ACL](https://github.com/acl-org/acl-style-files)