hermes-agent/skills/mlops/training/trl-fine-tuning/references/reward-modeling.md
teknium1 732c66b0f3 refactor: reorganize skills into sub-categories
The skills directory was getting disorganized — mlops alone had 40
skills in a flat list, and 12 categories were singletons with just
one skill each.

Code change:
- prompt_builder.py: Support sub-categories in skill scanner.
  skills/mlops/training/axolotl/SKILL.md now shows as category
  'mlops/training' instead of just 'mlops'. Backwards-compatible
  with existing flat structure.

Split mlops (40 skills) into 7 sub-categories:
- mlops/training (12): accelerate, axolotl, flash-attention,
  grpo-rl-training, peft, pytorch-fsdp, pytorch-lightning,
  simpo, slime, torchtitan, trl-fine-tuning, unsloth
- mlops/inference (8): gguf, guidance, instructor, llama-cpp,
  obliteratus, outlines, tensorrt-llm, vllm
- mlops/models (6): audiocraft, clip, llava, segment-anything,
  stable-diffusion, whisper
- mlops/vector-databases (4): chroma, faiss, pinecone, qdrant
- mlops/evaluation (5): huggingface-tokenizers,
  lm-evaluation-harness, nemo-curator, saelens, weights-and-biases
- mlops/cloud (2): lambda-labs, modal
- mlops/research (1): dspy

Merged singleton categories:
- gifs → media (gif-search joins youtube-content)
- music-creation → media (heartmula, songsee)
- diagramming → creative (excalidraw joins ascii-art)
- ocr-and-documents → productivity
- domain → research (domain-intel)
- feeds → research (blogwatcher)
- market-data → research (polymarket)

Fixed misplaced skills:
- mlops/code-review → software-development (not ML-specific)
- mlops/ml-paper-writing → research (academic writing)

Added DESCRIPTION.md files for all new/updated categories.
2026-03-09 03:35:53 -07:00

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# Reward Modeling
Guide to training reward models with TRL for RLHF pipelines.
## Overview
Reward models score completions based on human preferences. Used in:
- PPO training (RL feedback)
- GRPO online RL
- Completion ranking
## Basic Training
```python
from transformers import AutoModelForSequenceClassification, AutoTokenizer
from trl import RewardTrainer, RewardConfig
from datasets import load_dataset
# Load model (num_labels=1 for single reward score)
model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(
"Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct",
num_labels=1
)
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct")
# Load preference dataset (chosen/rejected pairs)
dataset = load_dataset("trl-lib/ultrafeedback_binarized", split="train")
# Configure
config = RewardConfig(
output_dir="Qwen2.5-Reward",
per_device_train_batch_size=2,
num_train_epochs=1,
learning_rate=1e-5
)
# Train
trainer = RewardTrainer(
model=model,
args=config,
processing_class=tokenizer,
train_dataset=dataset
)
trainer.train()
```
## Dataset Format
Required fields:
```json
{
"prompt": "Question or instruction",
"chosen": "Better response",
"rejected": "Worse response"
}
```
## Bradley-Terry Loss
Default loss function:
```
loss = -log(sigmoid(reward_chosen - reward_rejected))
```
Learns to score chosen > rejected.
## Using Reward Models
### Inference
```python
from transformers import pipeline
# Load trained reward model
reward_pipe = pipeline("text-classification", model="Qwen2.5-Reward")
# Score completions
texts = ["Good answer", "Bad answer"]
scores = reward_pipe(texts)
print(scores) # Higher score = better
```
### In PPO
```python
from trl import PPOTrainer, PPOConfig
config = PPOConfig(
reward_model_path="Qwen2.5-Reward" # Use trained reward model
)
trainer = PPOTrainer(
model=policy_model,
config=config,
# Reward model loaded automatically
)
```
## Hyperparameters
| Model Size | Learning Rate | Batch Size | Epochs |
|------------|---------------|------------|--------|
| <1B | 2e-5 | 4-8 | 1-2 |
| 1-7B | 1e-5 | 2-4 | 1 |
| 7-13B | 5e-6 | 1-2 | 1 |
## Evaluation
Check reward separation:
```python
# Chosen should score higher than rejected
chosen_rewards = model(**chosen_inputs).logits
rejected_rewards = model(**rejected_inputs).logits
accuracy = (chosen_rewards > rejected_rewards).float().mean()
print(f"Accuracy: {accuracy:.2%}") # Target: >80%
```
## References
- InstructGPT paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.02155
- TRL docs: https://huggingface.co/docs/trl/reward_trainer