From fbd423b94d50e14de83196be040f63a591f570eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jim=20Liu=20=E5=AE=9D=E7=8E=89?= <junminliu@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jun 2026 22:43:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH] feat(desktop): localize desktop chrome
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Co-authored-by: Kiro 有点Yes <246816394+sdyckjq-lab@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 .../chat/composer/hooks/use-mic-recorder.ts   | 34 +++++++----
 .../composer/hooks/use-voice-conversation.ts  | 25 ++++----
 .../chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-recorder.ts | 15 +++--
 .../chat/composer/trigger-popover.test.tsx    | 42 +++++++++++++
 .../src/app/chat/composer/trigger-popover.tsx | 10 +++-
 .../components/assistant-ui/tool-fallback.tsx | 35 ++++++++---
 .../src/components/chat/zoomable-image.tsx    | 17 ++++--
 .../components/desktop-onboarding-overlay.tsx |  3 +-
 .../src/components/ui/copy-button.test.tsx    | 36 +++++++++++
 .../desktop/src/components/ui/copy-button.tsx | 19 +++---
 apps/desktop/src/i18n/en.ts                   | 34 ++++++++++-
 apps/desktop/src/i18n/runtime.test.ts         |  5 +-
 apps/desktop/src/i18n/types.ts                | 32 ++++++++++
 apps/desktop/src/i18n/zh.ts                   | 60 ++++++++++++++-----
 14 files changed, 297 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/trigger-popover.test.tsx
 create mode 100644 apps/desktop/src/components/ui/copy-button.test.tsx

diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-mic-recorder.ts b/apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-mic-recorder.ts
index df74c7f4a5c..8823084a36e 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-mic-recorder.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-mic-recorder.ts
@@ -17,39 +17,49 @@ export interface MicRecording {
   heardSpeech: boolean
 }
 
+export interface MicRecorderErrorCopy {
+  microphoneAccessDenied: string
+  microphoneConstraintsUnsupported: string
+  microphoneInUse: string
+  microphonePermissionDenied: string
+  microphoneStartFailed: string
+  microphoneUnsupported: string
+  noMicrophone: string
+}
+
 interface MicRecorderHandle {
   start: (options?: MicRecorderOptions) => Promise<void>
   stop: () => Promise<MicRecording | null>
   cancel: () => void
 }
 
-function micError(error: unknown): Error {
+function micError(error: unknown, copy: MicRecorderErrorCopy): Error {
   const name = error instanceof DOMException ? error.name : ''
 
   if (name === 'NotAllowedError' || name === 'SecurityError') {
-    return new Error('Microphone permission was denied.')
+    return new Error(copy.microphonePermissionDenied)
   }
 
   if (name === 'NotFoundError' || name === 'DevicesNotFoundError') {
-    return new Error('No microphone was found.')
+    return new Error(copy.noMicrophone)
   }
 
   if (name === 'NotReadableError' || name === 'TrackStartError') {
-    return new Error('Microphone is already in use by another app.')
+    return new Error(copy.microphoneInUse)
   }
 
   if (name === 'OverconstrainedError') {
-    return new Error('Microphone constraints are not supported by this device.')
+    return new Error(copy.microphoneConstraintsUnsupported)
   }
 
   if (error instanceof Error) {
     return error
   }
 
-  return new Error('Could not start microphone recording.')
+  return new Error(copy.microphoneStartFailed)
 }
 
-export function useMicRecorder(): { handle: MicRecorderHandle; level: number; recording: boolean } {
+export function useMicRecorder(copy: MicRecorderErrorCopy): { handle: MicRecorderHandle; level: number; recording: boolean } {
   const [level, setLevel] = useState(0)
   const [recording, setRecording] = useState(false)
 
@@ -158,13 +168,13 @@ export function useMicRecorder(): { handle: MicRecorderHandle; level: number; re
     }
 
     if (!navigator.mediaDevices?.getUserMedia || typeof MediaRecorder === 'undefined') {
-      throw new Error('This runtime does not support microphone recording.')
+      throw new Error(copy.microphoneUnsupported)
     }
 
     const permitted = await window.hermesDesktop?.requestMicrophoneAccess?.()
 
     if (permitted === false) {
-      throw new Error('Microphone access denied.')
+      throw new Error(copy.microphoneAccessDenied)
     }
 
     let stream: MediaStream
@@ -174,7 +184,7 @@ export function useMicRecorder(): { handle: MicRecorderHandle; level: number; re
         audio: { echoCancellation: true, noiseSuppression: true }
       })
     } catch (error) {
-      throw micError(error)
+      throw micError(error, copy)
     }
 
     const mimeType =
@@ -188,7 +198,7 @@ export function useMicRecorder(): { handle: MicRecorderHandle; level: number; re
       recorder = new MediaRecorder(stream, mimeType ? { mimeType } : undefined)
     } catch (error) {
       stream.getTracks().forEach(track => track.stop())
-      throw micError(error)
+      throw micError(error, copy)
     }
 
     chunksRef.current = []
@@ -231,7 +241,7 @@ export function useMicRecorder(): { handle: MicRecorderHandle; level: number; re
     }
 
     recorder.onerror = event => {
-      const error = micError((event as Event & { error?: unknown }).error)
+      const error = micError((event as Event & { error?: unknown }).error, copy)
       const resolver = stopResolverRef.current
       stopResolverRef.current = null
       cleanup()
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-conversation.ts b/apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-conversation.ts
index 3261acc3409..e4e8f3201be 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-conversation.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-conversation.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
 
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { playSpeechText, stopVoicePlayback } from '@/lib/voice-playback'
 import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
 
@@ -32,7 +33,9 @@ export function useVoiceConversation({
   pendingResponse,
   consumePendingResponse
 }: VoiceConversationOptions) {
-  const { handle, level } = useMicRecorder()
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const voiceCopy = t.notifications.voice
+  const { handle, level } = useMicRecorder(voiceCopy)
   const [status, setStatus] = useState<ConversationStatus>('idle')
   const [muted, setMuted] = useState(false)
   const turnTimeoutRef = useRef<number | null>(null)
@@ -168,7 +171,7 @@ export function useVoiceConversation({
           await onSubmit(transcript)
           setStatus('thinking')
         } catch (error) {
-          notifyError(error, 'Voice transcription failed')
+          notifyError(error, voiceCopy.transcriptionFailed)
 
           if (enabledRef.current && !mutedRef.current && !busyRef.current) {
             pendingStartRef.current = true
@@ -180,7 +183,7 @@ export function useVoiceConversation({
         turnClosingRef.current = false
       }
     },
-    [handle, onSubmit, onTranscribeAudio]
+    [handle, onSubmit, onTranscribeAudio, voiceCopy.transcriptionFailed]
   )
 
   const startListening = useCallback(async () => {
@@ -201,7 +204,7 @@ export function useVoiceConversation({
         silenceMs: 1_250,
         idleSilenceMs: 12_000,
         onError: error => {
-          notifyError(error, 'Microphone failed')
+          notifyError(error, voiceCopy.microphoneFailed)
           pendingStartRef.current = false
           onFatalError?.()
         },
@@ -210,12 +213,12 @@ export function useVoiceConversation({
       setStatus('listening')
       turnTimeoutRef.current = window.setTimeout(() => void handleTurn(), 60_000)
     } catch (error) {
-      notifyError(error, 'Could not start voice session')
+      notifyError(error, voiceCopy.couldNotStartSession)
       pendingStartRef.current = false
       setStatus('idle')
       onFatalError?.()
     }
-  }, [handle, handleTurn, onFatalError])
+  }, [handle, handleTurn, onFatalError, voiceCopy.couldNotStartSession, voiceCopy.microphoneFailed])
 
   const speak = useCallback(async (text: string) => {
     setStatus('speaking')
@@ -223,7 +226,7 @@ export function useVoiceConversation({
     try {
       await playSpeechText(text, { source: 'voice-conversation' })
     } catch (error) {
-      notifyError(error, 'Voice playback failed')
+      notifyError(error, voiceCopy.playbackFailed)
     } finally {
       if (enabledRef.current) {
         pendingStartRef.current = true
@@ -232,14 +235,14 @@ export function useVoiceConversation({
         setStatus('idle')
       }
     }
-  }, [])
+  }, [voiceCopy.playbackFailed])
 
   const start = useCallback(async () => {
     if (!onTranscribeAudio) {
       notify({
         kind: 'warning',
-        title: 'Voice unavailable',
-        message: 'Configure speech-to-text to use voice mode.'
+        title: voiceCopy.unavailable,
+        message: voiceCopy.configureSpeechToText
       })
       onFatalError?.()
 
@@ -252,7 +255,7 @@ export function useVoiceConversation({
     consumePendingResponse()
     pendingStartRef.current = true
     await startListening()
-  }, [consumePendingResponse, onFatalError, onTranscribeAudio, startListening])
+  }, [consumePendingResponse, onFatalError, onTranscribeAudio, startListening, voiceCopy.configureSpeechToText, voiceCopy.unavailable])
 
   const end = useCallback(async () => {
     pendingStartRef.current = false
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-recorder.ts b/apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-recorder.ts
index cffc2820ca7..937f2d3bc03 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-recorder.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/hooks/use-voice-recorder.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
 
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { notify, notifyError } from '@/store/notifications'
 
 import type { VoiceActivityState, VoiceStatus } from '../types'
@@ -19,7 +20,9 @@ export function useVoiceRecorder({
   focusInput,
   onTranscript
 }: VoiceRecorderOptions) {
-  const { handle, level, recording } = useMicRecorder()
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const voiceCopy = t.notifications.voice
+  const { handle, level, recording } = useMicRecorder(voiceCopy)
   const [voiceStatus, setVoiceStatus] = useState<VoiceStatus>('idle')
   const [elapsedSeconds, setElapsedSeconds] = useState(0)
   const startedAtRef = useRef(0)
@@ -62,12 +65,12 @@ export function useVoiceRecorder({
       const transcript = (await onTranscribeAudio(result.audio)).trim()
 
       if (!transcript) {
-        notify({ kind: 'warning', title: 'No speech detected', message: 'Try recording again.' })
+        notify({ kind: 'warning', title: voiceCopy.noSpeechDetected, message: voiceCopy.tryRecordingAgain })
       } else {
         onTranscript(transcript)
       }
     } catch (error) {
-      notifyError(error, 'Voice transcription failed')
+      notifyError(error, voiceCopy.transcriptionFailed)
     } finally {
       setVoiceStatus('idle')
       focusInput()
@@ -76,13 +79,13 @@ export function useVoiceRecorder({
 
   const start = async () => {
     if (!onTranscribeAudio) {
-      notify({ kind: 'warning', title: 'Voice unavailable', message: 'Voice transcription is not available yet.' })
+      notify({ kind: 'warning', title: voiceCopy.unavailable, message: voiceCopy.transcriptionUnavailable })
 
       return
     }
 
     try {
-      await handle.start({ onError: error => notifyError(error, 'Voice recording failed') })
+      await handle.start({ onError: error => notifyError(error, voiceCopy.recordingFailed) })
       startedAtRef.current = Date.now()
       setElapsedSeconds(0)
       setVoiceStatus('recording')
@@ -91,7 +94,7 @@ export function useVoiceRecorder({
       timeoutRef.current = window.setTimeout(() => void stop(), cap * 1000)
     } catch (error) {
       setVoiceStatus('idle')
-      notifyError(error, 'Voice recording failed')
+      notifyError(error, voiceCopy.recordingFailed)
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/trigger-popover.test.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/trigger-popover.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9acc43f7f19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/trigger-popover.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import { cleanup, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { I18nProvider } from '@/i18n'
+
+import { ComposerTriggerPopover } from './trigger-popover'
+
+function renderPopover(kind: '@' | '/', loading = false) {
+  const onHover = vi.fn()
+  const onPick = vi.fn()
+
+  const rendered = render(
+    <I18nProvider configClient={null} initialLocale="zh">
+      <ComposerTriggerPopover activeIndex={0} items={[]} kind={kind} loading={loading} onHover={onHover} onPick={onPick} />
+    </I18nProvider>
+  )
+
+  return { ...rendered, onHover, onPick }
+}
+
+describe('ComposerTriggerPopover i18n', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+  })
+
+  it('renders localized empty lookup copy for @ references', () => {
+    const { container } = renderPopover('@')
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('没有匹配项。')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(container.textContent).toContain('试试')
+    expect(container.textContent).toContain('@file:')
+    expect(container.textContent).toContain('或')
+    expect(container.textContent).toContain('@folder:')
+  })
+
+  it('renders localized loading copy for slash commands', () => {
+    const { container } = renderPopover('/', true)
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('查找中…')).toBeTruthy()
+    expect(container.textContent).toContain('/help')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/trigger-popover.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/trigger-popover.tsx
index 7cc6a3b2237..a09190dd6b3 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/trigger-popover.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/app/chat/composer/trigger-popover.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import type { Unstable_TriggerItem } from '@assistant-ui/core'
 
 import { Codicon } from '@/components/ui/codicon'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
 
 import {
@@ -60,6 +61,9 @@ export function ComposerTriggerPopover({
   onPick,
   placement = 'top'
 }: ComposerTriggerPopoverProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const copy = t.composer
+
   return (
     <div
       className={placement === 'bottom' ? COMPLETION_DRAWER_BELOW_CLASS : COMPLETION_DRAWER_CLASS}
@@ -69,15 +73,15 @@ export function ComposerTriggerPopover({
       role="listbox"
     >
       {items.length === 0 ? (
-        <CompletionDrawerEmpty title={loading ? 'Looking up…' : 'No matches.'}>
+        <CompletionDrawerEmpty title={loading ? copy.lookupLoading : copy.lookupNoMatches}>
           {kind === '@' ? (
             <>
-              Try <span className="font-mono text-foreground/80">@file:</span> or{' '}
+              {copy.lookupTry} <span className="font-mono text-foreground/80">@file:</span> {copy.lookupOr}{' '}
               <span className="font-mono text-foreground/80">@folder:</span>.
             </>
           ) : (
             <>
-              Try <span className="font-mono text-foreground/80">/help</span>.
+              {copy.lookupTry} <span className="font-mono text-foreground/80">/help</span>.
             </>
           )}
         </CompletionDrawerEmpty>
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool-fallback.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool-fallback.tsx
index e120e6f6fda..c143aa5576e 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool-fallback.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/components/assistant-ui/tool-fallback.tsx
@@ -83,6 +83,13 @@ const TOOL_SECTION_SURFACE_CLASS =
 
 const TOOL_SECTION_PRE_CLASS = cn(TOOL_SECTION_SURFACE_CLASS, 'font-mono text-[0.7rem] leading-relaxed')
 
+interface ToolStatusCopy {
+  statusDone: string
+  statusError: string
+  statusRecovered: string
+  statusRunning: string
+}
+
 function rawTechnicalTrace(args: unknown, result: unknown): string {
   const parts = [args, result]
     .filter(value => value !== undefined && value !== null)
@@ -102,11 +109,11 @@ function rawTechnicalTrace(args: unknown, result: unknown): string {
   return parts.join('\n')
 }
 
-function statusGlyph(status: ToolStatus): ReactNode {
+function statusGlyph(status: ToolStatus, copy: ToolStatusCopy): ReactNode {
   if (status === 'running') {
     return (
       <BrailleSpinner
-        ariaLabel="Running"
+        ariaLabel={copy.statusRunning}
         className="size-3.5 shrink-0 text-[0.95rem] text-(--ui-text-tertiary)"
         spinner="breathe"
       />
@@ -114,22 +121,32 @@ function statusGlyph(status: ToolStatus): ReactNode {
   }
 
   if (status === 'error') {
-    return <AlertCircle aria-label="Error" className="size-3.5 shrink-0 text-destructive" />
+    return <AlertCircle aria-label={copy.statusError} className="size-3.5 shrink-0 text-destructive" />
   }
 
   if (status === 'warning') {
-    return <AlertCircle aria-label="Recovered" className="size-3.5 shrink-0 text-amber-600 dark:text-amber-400" />
+    return (
+      <AlertCircle
+        aria-label={copy.statusRecovered}
+        className="size-3.5 shrink-0 text-amber-600 dark:text-amber-400"
+      />
+    )
   }
 
-  return <CheckCircle2 aria-label="Done" className="size-3.5 shrink-0 text-emerald-600/85 dark:text-emerald-400/85" />
+  return (
+    <CheckCircle2
+      aria-label={copy.statusDone}
+      className="size-3.5 shrink-0 text-emerald-600/85 dark:text-emerald-400/85"
+    />
+  )
 }
 
 // Leading glyph for any tool-row header. Status (running/error/warning)
 // takes precedence; otherwise falls back to the tool's codicon. Returns
 // null when neither applies so callers can render unconditionally.
-function ToolGlyph({ icon, status }: { icon?: string; status?: ToolStatus }) {
+function ToolGlyph({ copy, icon, status }: { copy: ToolStatusCopy; icon?: string; status?: ToolStatus }) {
   const node = status ? (
-    statusGlyph(status)
+    statusGlyph(status, copy)
   ) : icon ? (
     <Codicon className="text-(--ui-text-tertiary)" name={icon} size="0.875rem" />
   ) : null
@@ -296,7 +313,7 @@ function ToolEntry({ part }: ToolEntryProps) {
           trailing={trailing}
         >
           <span className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1.5">
-            <ToolGlyph icon={view.icon} status={leadingStatus(isPending, view.status)} />
+            <ToolGlyph copy={copy} icon={view.icon} status={leadingStatus(isPending, view.status)} />
             <FadeText
               className={cn(
                 TOOL_HEADER_TITLE_CLASS,
@@ -518,7 +535,7 @@ export const ToolGroupSlot: FC<PropsWithChildren<{ endIndex: number; startIndex:
             }
           >
             <span className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1.5">
-              <ToolGlyph status={displayStatus === 'success' ? undefined : displayStatus} />
+              <ToolGlyph copy={copy} status={displayStatus === 'success' ? undefined : displayStatus} />
               <FadeText
                 className={cn(
                   TOOL_HEADER_TITLE_CLASS,
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/components/chat/zoomable-image.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/components/chat/zoomable-image.tsx
index e160258cb8e..c73068050ea 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/components/chat/zoomable-image.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/components/chat/zoomable-image.tsx
@@ -51,6 +51,11 @@ export interface ZoomableImageProps extends ComponentProps<'img'> {
   slot?: string
 }
 
+interface ImageActionCopy {
+  downloadImage: string
+  savingImage: string
+}
+
 export function ZoomableImage({ className, containerClassName, src, alt, slot, ...props }: ZoomableImageProps) {
   const { t } = useI18n()
   const copy = t.desktop
@@ -112,7 +117,7 @@ export function ZoomableImage({ className, containerClassName, src, alt, slot, .
             onClick={() => setLightboxOpen(false)}
             src={src}
           />
-          <ImageActionButton onClick={handleDownload} saving={saving} variant="lightbox" />
+          <ImageActionButton copy={copy} onClick={handleDownload} saving={saving} variant="lightbox" />
         </div>
       </DialogContent>
     </Dialog>
@@ -128,12 +133,12 @@ export function ZoomableImage({ className, containerClassName, src, alt, slot, .
           className="contents"
           disabled={!canOpen}
           onClick={() => canOpen && setLightboxOpen(true)}
-          title={canOpen ? 'Open image' : undefined}
+          title={canOpen ? copy.openImage : undefined}
           type="button"
         >
           <img alt={alt ?? ''} className={className} src={src} {...props} />
         </button>
-        {src && <ImageActionButton onClick={handleDownload} saving={saving} variant="inline" />}
+        {src && <ImageActionButton copy={copy} onClick={handleDownload} saving={saving} variant="inline" />}
       </span>
       {lightbox}
     </>
@@ -141,17 +146,19 @@ export function ZoomableImage({ className, containerClassName, src, alt, slot, .
 }
 
 function ImageActionButton({
+  copy,
   onClick,
   saving,
   variant
 }: {
+  copy: ImageActionCopy
   onClick: () => void
   saving: boolean
   variant: 'inline' | 'lightbox'
 }) {
   return (
     <button
-      aria-label={saving ? 'Saving image' : 'Download image'}
+      aria-label={saving ? copy.savingImage : copy.downloadImage}
       className={cn(
         'absolute right-2 top-2 grid size-8 place-items-center rounded-full border border-border/70 bg-background/80 text-muted-foreground opacity-0 shadow-sm backdrop-blur transition-opacity hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground focus-visible:opacity-100 disabled:opacity-50',
         variant === 'inline' ? 'group-hover/image:opacity-100' : 'group-hover/lightbox:opacity-100'
@@ -161,7 +168,7 @@ function ImageActionButton({
         event.stopPropagation()
         void onClick()
       }}
-      title={saving ? 'Saving image' : 'Download image'}
+      title={saving ? copy.savingImage : copy.downloadImage}
       type="button"
     >
       <Download className={cn('size-4', saving && 'animate-pulse')} />
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/components/desktop-onboarding-overlay.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/components/desktop-onboarding-overlay.tsx
index de9cfe560f9..e35eb5829dc 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/components/desktop-onboarding-overlay.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/components/desktop-onboarding-overlay.tsx
@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@ export const sortProviders = (providers: OAuthProvider[]) =>
   [...providers].sort((a, b) => orderOf(a) - orderOf(b) || a.name.localeCompare(b.name))
 
 export function DesktopOnboardingOverlay({ enabled, onCompleted, requestGateway }: DesktopOnboardingOverlayProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const onboarding = useStore($desktopOnboarding)
   const boot = useStore($desktopBoot)
   const ctxRef = useRef<OnboardingContext>({ requestGateway, onCompleted })
@@ -196,7 +197,7 @@ export function DesktopOnboardingOverlay({ enabled, onCompleted, requestGateway
         <Header />
         {onboarding.manual ? (
           <Button
-            aria-label="Close"
+            aria-label={t.common.close}
             className="absolute right-3 top-3 z-10 text-(--ui-text-tertiary) hover:bg-(--chrome-action-hover) hover:text-foreground"
             onClick={() => closeManualOnboarding()}
             size="icon-sm"
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/components/ui/copy-button.test.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/components/ui/copy-button.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d0cbb480028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/components/ui/copy-button.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { I18nProvider } from '@/i18n'
+
+import { CopyButton } from './copy-button'
+
+describe('CopyButton i18n', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('uses localized default labels and copied feedback', async () => {
+    const writeText = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined)
+    Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'clipboard', {
+      configurable: true,
+      value: { writeText }
+    })
+
+    render(
+      <I18nProvider configClient={null} initialLocale="zh">
+        <CopyButton text="hello" />
+      </I18nProvider>
+    )
+
+    const button = screen.getByRole('button', { name: '复制' })
+
+    expect(button.textContent).toContain('复制')
+    fireEvent.click(button)
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(writeText).toHaveBeenCalledWith('hello'))
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '已复制' })).toBeTruthy())
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '已复制' }).textContent).toContain('已复制')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/components/ui/copy-button.tsx b/apps/desktop/src/components/ui/copy-button.tsx
index 8cdc832e120..18d43103678 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/components/ui/copy-button.tsx
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/components/ui/copy-button.tsx
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import * as React from 'react'
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
 import { DropdownMenuItem } from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu'
 import { Tip } from '@/components/ui/tooltip'
+import { useI18n } from '@/i18n'
 import { triggerHaptic } from '@/lib/haptics'
 import { Check, Copy, X } from '@/lib/icons'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'
@@ -59,10 +60,10 @@ export function CopyButton({
   children,
   className,
   disabled = false,
-  errorMessage = 'Copy failed',
+  errorMessage,
   haptic = true,
   iconClassName,
-  label = 'Copy',
+  label,
   onCopied,
   onCopyError,
   preventDefault = false,
@@ -71,6 +72,9 @@ export function CopyButton({
   text,
   title
 }: CopyButtonProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const resolvedErrorMessage = errorMessage ?? t.common.copyFailed
+  const resolvedLabel = label ?? t.common.copy
   const [status, setStatus] = React.useState<CopyStatus>('idle')
   const resetRef = React.useRef<number | null>(null)
 
@@ -138,10 +142,10 @@ export function CopyButton({
   const visibleChildren =
     (showLabel ?? (appearance !== 'icon' && appearance !== 'tool-row'))
       ? status === 'copied'
-        ? 'Copied'
+        ? t.common.copied
         : status === 'error'
-          ? 'Failed'
-          : (children ?? label)
+          ? t.common.failed
+          : (children ?? resolvedLabel)
       : null
 
   const content = (
@@ -151,8 +155,9 @@ export function CopyButton({
     </>
   )
 
-  const feedbackLabel = status === 'copied' ? 'Copied' : status === 'error' ? errorMessage : (title ?? label)
-  const ariaLabel = status === 'idle' ? label : feedbackLabel
+  const feedbackLabel =
+    status === 'copied' ? t.common.copied : status === 'error' ? resolvedErrorMessage : (title ?? resolvedLabel)
+  const ariaLabel = status === 'idle' ? resolvedLabel : feedbackLabel
 
   if (appearance === 'menu-item') {
     return (
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/i18n/en.ts b/apps/desktop/src/i18n/en.ts
index 8f99e8cdac5..c7ff0385fd3 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/i18n/en.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/i18n/en.ts
@@ -20,10 +20,12 @@ export const en: Translations = {
     continue: 'Continue',
     copied: 'Copied',
     copy: 'Copy',
+    copyFailed: 'Copy failed',
     delete: 'Delete',
     docs: 'Docs',
     done: 'Done',
     error: 'Error',
+    failed: 'Failed',
     free: 'Free',
     loading: 'Loading…',
     notSet: 'Not set',
@@ -110,6 +112,25 @@ export const en: Translations = {
       openaiRejectedApiKey: 'OpenAI rejected the API key.',
       openaiRejectedApiKeyWithStatus: status => `OpenAI rejected the API key (${status} invalid_api_key).`,
       openaiTtsNeedsKey: 'OpenAI TTS needs VOICE_TOOLS_OPENAI_KEY or OPENAI_API_KEY.'
+    },
+    voice: {
+      configureSpeechToText: 'Configure speech-to-text to use voice mode.',
+      couldNotStartSession: 'Could not start voice session',
+      microphoneAccessDenied: 'Microphone access denied.',
+      microphoneConstraintsUnsupported: 'Microphone constraints are not supported by this device.',
+      microphoneFailed: 'Microphone failed',
+      microphoneInUse: 'Microphone is already in use by another app.',
+      microphonePermissionDenied: 'Microphone permission was denied.',
+      microphoneStartFailed: 'Could not start microphone recording.',
+      microphoneUnsupported: 'This runtime does not support microphone recording.',
+      noMicrophone: 'No microphone was found.',
+      noSpeechDetected: 'No speech detected',
+      playbackFailed: 'Voice playback failed',
+      recordingFailed: 'Voice recording failed',
+      transcriptionFailed: 'Voice transcription failed',
+      transcriptionUnavailable: 'Voice transcription is not available yet.',
+      tryRecordingAgain: 'Try recording again.',
+      unavailable: 'Voice unavailable'
     }
   },
 
@@ -1016,6 +1037,10 @@ export const en: Translations = {
     stopDictation: 'Stop dictation',
     transcribingDictation: 'Transcribing dictation',
     voiceDictation: 'Voice dictation',
+    lookupLoading: 'Looking up…',
+    lookupNoMatches: 'No matches.',
+    lookupTry: 'Try',
+    lookupOr: 'or',
     commonCommands: 'Common commands',
     hotkeys: 'Hotkeys',
     helpFooter: 'opens the full panel · backspace dismisses',
@@ -1524,7 +1549,11 @@ export const en: Translations = {
       recoveredOne: 'Recovered after 1 failed step',
       recoveredMany: count => `Recovered after ${count} failed steps`,
       failedOne: '1 step failed',
-      failedMany: count => `${count} steps failed`
+      failedMany: count => `${count} steps failed`,
+      statusRunning: 'Running',
+      statusError: 'Error',
+      statusRecovered: 'Recovered',
+      statusDone: 'Done'
     }
   },
 
@@ -1587,6 +1616,9 @@ export const en: Translations = {
     restartToUseSaveImage: 'Restart Hermes Desktop to use Save Image.',
     restartToSaveImages: 'Restart Hermes Desktop to save images',
     imageDownloadFailed: 'Image download failed',
+    openImage: 'Open image',
+    downloadImage: 'Download image',
+    savingImage: 'Saving image',
     imagePreviewFailed: 'Image preview failed',
     imageAttach: 'Image attach',
     imageWriteFailed: 'Failed to write image to disk.',
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/i18n/runtime.test.ts b/apps/desktop/src/i18n/runtime.test.ts
index 62ca8610ef7..0c2bc4870b3 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/i18n/runtime.test.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/i18n/runtime.test.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,10 @@ describe('desktop i18n runtime translator', () => {
   it('translates string paths for the active runtime locale', () => {
     setRuntimeI18nLocale('zh')
 
-    expect(translateNow('boot.ready')).toBe('Hermes Desktop 已就绪')
+    expect(translateNow('boot.ready')).toBe('Hermes 桌面版已就绪')
+    expect(translateNow('notifications.voice.noSpeechDetected')).toBe('没有检测到语音')
+    expect(translateNow('composer.lookupNoMatches')).toBe('没有匹配项。')
+    expect(translateNow('assistant.tool.statusRecovered')).toBe('已恢复')
   })
 
   it('passes arguments to function translations', () => {
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/i18n/types.ts b/apps/desktop/src/i18n/types.ts
index 7e794fc900d..b41be524a80 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/i18n/types.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/i18n/types.ts
@@ -35,10 +35,12 @@ export interface Translations {
     continue: string
     copied: string
     copy: string
+    copyFailed: string
     delete: string
     docs: string
     done: string
     error: string
+    failed: string
     free: string
     loading: string
     notSet: string
@@ -122,6 +124,25 @@ export interface Translations {
       openaiRejectedApiKeyWithStatus: (status: string) => string
       openaiTtsNeedsKey: string
     }
+    voice: {
+      configureSpeechToText: string
+      couldNotStartSession: string
+      microphoneAccessDenied: string
+      microphoneConstraintsUnsupported: string
+      microphoneFailed: string
+      microphoneInUse: string
+      microphonePermissionDenied: string
+      microphoneStartFailed: string
+      microphoneUnsupported: string
+      noMicrophone: string
+      noSpeechDetected: string
+      playbackFailed: string
+      recordingFailed: string
+      transcriptionFailed: string
+      transcriptionUnavailable: string
+      tryRecordingAgain: string
+      unavailable: string
+    }
   }
 
   titlebar: {
@@ -831,6 +852,10 @@ export interface Translations {
     stopDictation: string
     transcribingDictation: string
     voiceDictation: string
+    lookupLoading: string
+    lookupNoMatches: string
+    lookupTry: string
+    lookupOr: string
     commonCommands: string
     hotkeys: string
     helpFooter: string
@@ -1270,6 +1295,10 @@ export interface Translations {
       recoveredMany: (count: number) => string
       failedOne: string
       failedMany: (count: number) => string
+      statusRunning: string
+      statusError: string
+      statusRecovered: string
+      statusDone: string
     }
   }
 
@@ -1331,6 +1360,9 @@ export interface Translations {
     restartToUseSaveImage: string
     restartToSaveImages: string
     imageDownloadFailed: string
+    openImage: string
+    downloadImage: string
+    savingImage: string
     imagePreviewFailed: string
     imageAttach: string
     imageWriteFailed: string
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/i18n/zh.ts b/apps/desktop/src/i18n/zh.ts
index f9546491c1e..25a794fd874 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/i18n/zh.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/i18n/zh.ts
@@ -20,10 +20,12 @@ export const zh: Translations = {
     continue: '继续',
     copied: '已复制',
     copy: '复制',
+    copyFailed: '复制失败',
     delete: '删除',
     docs: '文档',
     done: '完成',
     error: '错误',
+    failed: '失败',
     free: '免费',
     loading: '加载中…',
     notSet: '未设置',
@@ -41,14 +43,14 @@ export const zh: Translations = {
   },
 
   boot: {
-    ready: 'Hermes Desktop 已就绪',
-    desktopBootFailedWithMessage: message => `桌面启动失败:${message}`,
+    ready: 'Hermes 桌面版已就绪',
+    desktopBootFailedWithMessage: message => `桌面启动失败：${message}`,
     steps: {
-      connectingGateway: '正在连接实时桌面网关',
+      connectingGateway: '正在连接桌面网关',
       loadingSettings: '正在加载 Hermes 设置',
       loadingSessions: '正在加载最近会话',
       startingDesktopConnection: '正在启动桌面连接',
-      startingHermesDesktop: '正在启动 Hermes Desktop…'
+      startingHermesDesktop: '正在启动 Hermes 桌面版…'
     },
     errors: {
       backgroundExited: 'Hermes 后台进程已退出。',
@@ -60,14 +62,14 @@ export const zh: Translations = {
     },
     failure: {
       title: 'Hermes 无法启动',
-      description: '后台网关没有启动。请尝试下面的恢复步骤。这些操作不会删除你的对话或设置。',
+      description: '后台网关没有启动。请尝试下面的恢复步骤；这里不会删除你的对话或设置。',
       remoteTitle: '需要重新登录远程网关',
       remoteDescription: '你的远程网关会话已过期。请重新登录以恢复连接。这些操作不会删除你的对话或设置。',
       retry: '重试',
       repairInstall: '修复安装',
       useLocalGateway: '使用本地网关',
       openLogs: '打开日志',
-      repairHint: '修复会重新运行安装器。在新机器上可能需要几分钟。',
+      repairHint: '修复会重新运行安装器，在新机器上可能需要几分钟。',
       remoteSignInHint: '打开网关登录窗口。也可以使用本地网关切换到随应用提供的后端。',
       hideRecentLogs: '隐藏最近日志',
       showRecentLogs: '显示最近日志',
@@ -106,6 +108,25 @@ export const zh: Translations = {
       openaiRejectedApiKey: 'OpenAI 拒绝了该 API key。',
       openaiRejectedApiKeyWithStatus: status => `OpenAI 拒绝了该 API key (${status} invalid_api_key)。`,
       openaiTtsNeedsKey: 'OpenAI TTS 需要 VOICE_TOOLS_OPENAI_KEY 或 OPENAI_API_KEY。'
+    },
+    voice: {
+      configureSpeechToText: '配置语音转文字后即可使用语音模式。',
+      couldNotStartSession: '无法启动语音会话',
+      microphoneAccessDenied: '麦克风访问被拒绝。',
+      microphoneConstraintsUnsupported: '此设备不支持当前麦克风约束。',
+      microphoneFailed: '麦克风出错',
+      microphoneInUse: '麦克风正被其他应用占用。',
+      microphonePermissionDenied: '麦克风权限被拒绝。',
+      microphoneStartFailed: '无法开始麦克风录音。',
+      microphoneUnsupported: '当前运行环境不支持麦克风录音。',
+      noMicrophone: '未找到麦克风。',
+      noSpeechDetected: '没有检测到语音',
+      playbackFailed: '语音播放失败',
+      recordingFailed: '语音录制失败',
+      transcriptionFailed: '语音转写失败',
+      transcriptionUnavailable: '语音转写暂不可用。',
+      tryRecordingAgain: '请再录一次。',
+      unavailable: '语音不可用'
     }
   },
 
@@ -1166,6 +1187,10 @@ export const zh: Translations = {
     stopDictation: '停止听写',
     transcribingDictation: '正在转写听写',
     voiceDictation: '语音听写',
+    lookupLoading: '查找中…',
+    lookupNoMatches: '没有匹配项。',
+    lookupTry: '试试',
+    lookupOr: '或',
     commonCommands: '常用命令',
     hotkeys: '快捷键',
     helpFooter: '打开完整面板 · 退格键关闭',
@@ -1669,7 +1694,11 @@ export const zh: Translations = {
       recoveredOne: '在 1 个失败步骤后已恢复',
       recoveredMany: count => `在 ${count} 个失败步骤后已恢复`,
       failedOne: '1 个步骤失败',
-      failedMany: count => `${count} 个步骤失败`
+      failedMany: count => `${count} 个步骤失败`,
+      statusRunning: '运行中',
+      statusError: '错误',
+      statusRecovered: '已恢复',
+      statusDone: '完成'
     }
   },
 
@@ -1700,11 +1729,11 @@ export const zh: Translations = {
     yoloSystem: active => `此会话 YOLO ${active ? '已开启' : '已关闭'}`,
     yoloTitle: 'YOLO',
     yoloToggleFailed: '无法切换 YOLO',
-    profileStatus: current => `Profile: ${current}。使用 /profile <name> 或“新建会话”选择器在其他 profile 中开始对话。`,
-    unknownProfile: '未知 profile',
-    noProfileNamed: (target, available) => `没有名为“${target}”的 profile。可用: ${available}`,
-    newChatsProfile: name => `新对话将使用 profile ${name}。`,
-    setProfileFailed: '设置 profile 失败',
+    profileStatus: current => `配置档案：${current}。使用 /profile <name> 或“新建会话”选择器在其他配置档案中开始对话。`,
+    unknownProfile: '未知配置档案',
+    noProfileNamed: (target, available) => `没有名为“${target}”的配置档案。可用：${available}`,
+    newChatsProfile: name => `新对话将使用配置档案 ${name}。`,
+    setProfileFailed: '设置配置档案失败',
     sttDisabled: '设置中已禁用语音转文字。',
     stopFailed: '停止失败',
     regenerateFailed: '重新生成失败',
@@ -1728,9 +1757,12 @@ export const zh: Translations = {
     sessionExportFailed: '无法导出会话',
     imageSaved: '图片已保存',
     downloadStarted: '下载已开始',
-    restartToUseSaveImage: '重启 Hermes Desktop 后可使用保存图片。',
-    restartToSaveImages: '重启 Hermes Desktop 以保存图片',
+    restartToUseSaveImage: '重启 Hermes 桌面版后可使用保存图片。',
+    restartToSaveImages: '重启 Hermes 桌面版以保存图片',
     imageDownloadFailed: '图片下载失败',
+    openImage: '打开图片',
+    downloadImage: '下载图片',
+    savingImage: '正在保存图片',
     imagePreviewFailed: '图片预览失败',
     imageAttach: '附加图片',
     imageWriteFailed: '无法将图片写入磁盘。',