fix(computer-use): harden image-rejection fallback + AUTHOR_MAP

Follow-up to #15328's vision-unsupported retry branch in run_agent.py.

_strip_images_from_messages() previously deleted any message whose content
was entirely images. That's fine for synthetic user messages injected for
attachment delivery, but it breaks providers for tool-role messages — the
paired tool_call_id on the preceding assistant message ends up unmatched,
which OpenAI-compatible APIs reject with HTTP 400.

Fix: tool-role messages whose content becomes empty are replaced with a
plaintext placeholder that preserves the tool_call_id linkage. Only
non-tool messages are dropped. Added 10 tests covering the role-alternation
invariants + image-type coverage.

Image-rejection detector: expanded phrase list (image content not
supported / multimodal input / vision input / model does not support
image) and gated on 4xx status so transient 5xx errors never get
misinterpreted as 'server said no to images'. Detection is documented as
best-effort English phrase matching.

AUTHOR_MAP: mapped 3820588+ddupont808@users.noreply.github.com to
ddupont808 so release notes attribute the salvage correctly.

tests/tools/test_registry.py

@@ -296,6 +296,7 @@ class TestBuiltinDiscovery:
             "tools.browser_tool",
             "tools.clarify_tool",
             "tools.code_execution_tool",
+            "tools.computer_use_tool",
             "tools.cronjob_tools",
             "tools.delegate_tool",
             "tools.discord_tool",