diff --git a/tests/tools/test_microsoft_graph_auth.py b/tests/tools/test_microsoft_graph_auth.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b969afe47c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/tools/test_microsoft_graph_auth.py
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+"""Tests for tools/microsoft_graph_auth.py."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import httpx
+import pytest
+
+from tools.microsoft_graph_auth import (
+    DEFAULT_GRAPH_SCOPE,
+    GraphCredentials,
+    MicrosoftGraphConfigError,
+    MicrosoftGraphTokenError,
+    MicrosoftGraphTokenProvider,
+)
+
+
+class TestGraphCredentials:
+    def test_from_env_raises_for_missing_required_values(self):
+        with pytest.raises(MicrosoftGraphConfigError) as exc:
+            GraphCredentials.from_env({})
+        assert "MSGRAPH_TENANT_ID" in str(exc.value)
+        assert "MSGRAPH_CLIENT_ID" in str(exc.value)
+        assert "MSGRAPH_CLIENT_SECRET" in str(exc.value)
+
+    def test_from_env_optional_returns_none_when_not_configured(self):
+        assert GraphCredentials.from_env({}, required=False) is None
+
+    def test_from_env_builds_normalized_credentials(self):
+        creds = GraphCredentials.from_env(
+            {
+                "MSGRAPH_TENANT_ID": "tenant-123",
+                "MSGRAPH_CLIENT_ID": "client-456",
+                "MSGRAPH_CLIENT_SECRET": "secret-789",
+            }
+        )
+        assert creds is not None
+        assert creds.scope == DEFAULT_GRAPH_SCOPE
+        assert creds.token_url.endswith("/tenant-123/oauth2/v2.0/token")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+class TestMicrosoftGraphTokenProvider:
+    async def test_reuses_cached_token_until_expiry(self):
+        calls: list[int] = []
+
+        def handler(request: httpx.Request) -> httpx.Response:
+            calls.append(1)
+            return httpx.Response(
+                200,
+                json={
+                    "access_token": f"token-{len(calls)}",
+                    "expires_in": 3600,
+                    "token_type": "Bearer",
+                },
+            )
+
+        provider = MicrosoftGraphTokenProvider(
+            GraphCredentials("tenant", "client", "secret"),
+            transport=httpx.MockTransport(handler),
+        )
+
+        first = await provider.get_access_token()
+        second = await provider.get_access_token()
+
+        assert first == "token-1"
+        assert second == "token-1"
+        assert len(calls) == 1
+
+    async def test_refreshes_when_cached_token_is_expired(self):
+        calls: list[int] = []
+
+        def handler(request: httpx.Request) -> httpx.Response:
+            calls.append(1)
+            expires_in = 0 if len(calls) == 1 else 3600
+            return httpx.Response(
+                200,
+                json={
+                    "access_token": f"token-{len(calls)}",
+                    "expires_in": expires_in,
+                    "token_type": "Bearer",
+                },
+            )
+
+        provider = MicrosoftGraphTokenProvider(
+            GraphCredentials("tenant", "client", "secret"),
+            transport=httpx.MockTransport(handler),
+            skew_seconds=0,
+        )
+
+        first = await provider.get_access_token()
+        second = await provider.get_access_token()
+
+        assert first == "token-1"
+        assert second == "token-2"
+        assert len(calls) == 2
+
+    async def test_force_refresh_bypasses_cache(self):
+        calls: list[int] = []
+
+        def handler(request: httpx.Request) -> httpx.Response:
+            calls.append(1)
+            return httpx.Response(
+                200,
+                json={
+                    "access_token": f"token-{len(calls)}",
+                    "expires_in": 3600,
+                },
+            )
+
+        provider = MicrosoftGraphTokenProvider(
+            GraphCredentials("tenant", "client", "secret"),
+            transport=httpx.MockTransport(handler),
+        )
+
+        first = await provider.get_access_token()
+        second = await provider.get_access_token(force_refresh=True)
+
+        assert first == "token-1"
+        assert second == "token-2"
+        assert len(calls) == 2
+
+    async def test_invalid_token_response_raises(self):
+        def handler(request: httpx.Request) -> httpx.Response:
+            return httpx.Response(200, json={"expires_in": 3600})
+
+        provider = MicrosoftGraphTokenProvider(
+            GraphCredentials("tenant", "client", "secret"),
+            transport=httpx.MockTransport(handler),
+        )
+
+        with pytest.raises(MicrosoftGraphTokenError) as exc:
+            await provider.get_access_token()
+        assert "access_token" in str(exc.value)
+
+    async def test_http_error_includes_server_message(self):
+        def handler(request: httpx.Request) -> httpx.Response:
+            return httpx.Response(
+                401,
+                json={"error": "invalid_client", "error_description": "bad secret"},
+            )
+
+        provider = MicrosoftGraphTokenProvider(
+            GraphCredentials("tenant", "client", "secret"),
+            transport=httpx.MockTransport(handler),
+        )
+
+        with pytest.raises(MicrosoftGraphTokenError) as exc:
+            await provider.get_access_token()
+        assert "bad secret" in str(exc.value)
diff --git a/tests/tools/test_microsoft_graph_client.py b/tests/tools/test_microsoft_graph_client.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e788856ff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/tools/test_microsoft_graph_client.py
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+"""Tests for tools/microsoft_graph_client.py."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import httpx
+import pytest
+
+from tools.microsoft_graph_auth import GraphCredentials, MicrosoftGraphTokenProvider
+from tools.microsoft_graph_client import (
+    MicrosoftGraphAPIError,
+    MicrosoftGraphClient,
+    MicrosoftGraphClientError,
+)
+
+
+def _make_provider() -> MicrosoftGraphTokenProvider:
+    provider = MicrosoftGraphTokenProvider(GraphCredentials("tenant", "client", "secret"))
+    provider._cached_token = type(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        "Token",
+        (),
+        {
+            "access_token": "cached-token",
+            "is_expired": lambda self, skew_seconds=0: False,
+            "expires_in_seconds": 3600,
+        },
+    )()
+    return provider
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+class TestMicrosoftGraphClient:
+    async def test_attaches_bearer_token_header(self):
+        captured_auth: list[str] = []
+
+        def handler(request: httpx.Request) -> httpx.Response:
+            captured_auth.append(request.headers["Authorization"])
+            return httpx.Response(200, json={"ok": True})
+
+        client = MicrosoftGraphClient(
+            _make_provider(),
+            transport=httpx.MockTransport(handler),
+        )
+        payload = await client.get_json("/me")
+        assert payload == {"ok": True}
+        assert captured_auth == ["Bearer cached-token"]
+
+    async def test_retries_on_rate_limit_and_uses_retry_after(self):
+        calls: list[int] = []
+        sleeps: list[float] = []
+
+        def handler(request: httpx.Request) -> httpx.Response:
+            calls.append(1)
+            if len(calls) == 1:
+                return httpx.Response(
+                    429,
+                    json={"error": {"code": "TooManyRequests", "message": "slow down"}},
+                    headers={"Retry-After": "3"},
+                )
+            return httpx.Response(200, json={"ok": True})
+
+        async def fake_sleep(delay: float) -> None:
+            sleeps.append(delay)
+
+        client = MicrosoftGraphClient(
+            _make_provider(),
+            transport=httpx.MockTransport(handler),
+            sleep=fake_sleep,
+            max_retries=2,
+        )
+
+        payload = await client.get_json("/me")
+
+        assert payload == {"ok": True}
+        assert len(calls) == 2
+        assert sleeps == [3.0]
+
+    async def test_raises_api_error_after_retry_budget_exhausted(self):
+        sleeps: list[float] = []
+
+        def handler(request: httpx.Request) -> httpx.Response:
+            return httpx.Response(503, json={"error": {"message": "unavailable"}})
+
+        async def fake_sleep(delay: float) -> None:
+            sleeps.append(delay)
+
+        client = MicrosoftGraphClient(
+            _make_provider(),
+            transport=httpx.MockTransport(handler),
+            sleep=fake_sleep,
+            max_retries=1,
+        )
+
+        with pytest.raises(MicrosoftGraphAPIError) as exc:
+            await client.get_json("/me")
+        assert exc.value.status_code == 503
+        assert sleeps == [0.5]
+
+    async def test_collect_paginated_flattens_value_arrays(self):
+        def handler(request: httpx.Request) -> httpx.Response:
+            if str(request.url).endswith("/items"):
+                return httpx.Response(
+                    200,
+                    json={
+                        "value": [{"id": "1"}],
+                        "@odata.nextLink": "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/items?page=2",
+                    },
+                )
+            return httpx.Response(200, json={"value": [{"id": "2"}]})
+
+        client = MicrosoftGraphClient(
+            _make_provider(),
+            transport=httpx.MockTransport(handler),
+        )
+        items = await client.collect_paginated("/items")
+        assert items == [{"id": "1"}, {"id": "2"}]
+
+    async def test_download_to_file_writes_binary_content(self, tmp_path: Path):
+        def handler(request: httpx.Request) -> httpx.Response:
+            return httpx.Response(
+                200,
+                content=b"meeting-recording",
+                headers={"content-type": "video/mp4"},
+            )
+
+        client = MicrosoftGraphClient(
+            _make_provider(),
+            transport=httpx.MockTransport(handler),
+        )
+        destination = tmp_path / "recording.mp4"
+        result = await client.download_to_file("/drive/item/content", destination)
+
+        assert destination.read_bytes() == b"meeting-recording"
+        assert result["content_type"] == "video/mp4"
+        assert result["size_bytes"] == len(b"meeting-recording")
+
+    async def test_invalid_json_response_raises_client_error(self):
+        def handler(request: httpx.Request) -> httpx.Response:
+            return httpx.Response(
+                200,
+                content=b"not-json",
+                headers={"content-type": "application/json"},
+            )
+
+        client = MicrosoftGraphClient(
+            _make_provider(),
+            transport=httpx.MockTransport(handler),
+        )
+
+        with pytest.raises(MicrosoftGraphClientError):
+            await client.get_json("/me")
diff --git a/tools/microsoft_graph_auth.py b/tools/microsoft_graph_auth.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..46e3aa3875
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/microsoft_graph_auth.py
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+"""Microsoft Graph app-only authentication helpers."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import os
+import time
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Any
+
+import httpx
+
+
+DEFAULT_GRAPH_SCOPE = "https://graph.microsoft.com/.default"
+DEFAULT_GRAPH_AUTHORITY_URL = "https://login.microsoftonline.com"
+DEFAULT_TOKEN_SKEW_SECONDS = 120
+
+
+class MicrosoftGraphAuthError(RuntimeError):
+    """Base class for Microsoft Graph auth failures."""
+
+
+class MicrosoftGraphConfigError(MicrosoftGraphAuthError):
+    """Raised when Graph credentials are missing or invalid."""
+
+
+class MicrosoftGraphTokenError(MicrosoftGraphAuthError):
+    """Raised when token acquisition fails."""
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class GraphCredentials:
+    """Normalized Microsoft Graph app-only credentials."""
+
+    tenant_id: str
+    client_id: str
+    client_secret: str
+    scope: str = DEFAULT_GRAPH_SCOPE
+    authority_url: str = DEFAULT_GRAPH_AUTHORITY_URL
+
+    @property
+    def token_url(self) -> str:
+        base = self.authority_url.rstrip("/")
+        tenant = self.tenant_id.strip().strip("/")
+        return f"{base}/{tenant}/oauth2/v2.0/token"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_env(
+        cls,
+        environ: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        *,
+        required: bool = True,
+    ) -> "GraphCredentials | None":
+        env = environ if environ is not None else os.environ
+        tenant_id = (env.get("MSGRAPH_TENANT_ID") or "").strip()
+        client_id = (env.get("MSGRAPH_CLIENT_ID") or "").strip()
+        client_secret = (env.get("MSGRAPH_CLIENT_SECRET") or "").strip()
+        scope = (env.get("MSGRAPH_SCOPE") or DEFAULT_GRAPH_SCOPE).strip()
+        authority_url = (
+            env.get("MSGRAPH_AUTHORITY_URL") or DEFAULT_GRAPH_AUTHORITY_URL
+        ).strip()
+
+        missing = [
+            name
+            for name, value in (
+                ("MSGRAPH_TENANT_ID", tenant_id),
+                ("MSGRAPH_CLIENT_ID", client_id),
+                ("MSGRAPH_CLIENT_SECRET", client_secret),
+            )
+            if not value
+        ]
+        if missing:
+            if not required:
+                return None
+            raise MicrosoftGraphConfigError(
+                f"Missing Microsoft Graph configuration: {', '.join(missing)}"
+            )
+
+        return cls(
+            tenant_id=tenant_id,
+            client_id=client_id,
+            client_secret=client_secret,
+            scope=scope,
+            authority_url=authority_url,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass
+class CachedAccessToken:
+    """Cached app-only Graph access token."""
+
+    access_token: str
+    expires_at: float
+    token_type: str = "Bearer"
+
+    def is_expired(self, *, skew_seconds: int = DEFAULT_TOKEN_SKEW_SECONDS) -> bool:
+        return self.expires_at <= (time.time() + max(0, int(skew_seconds)))
+
+    @property
+    def expires_in_seconds(self) -> int:
+        return max(0, int(self.expires_at - time.time()))
+
+
+class MicrosoftGraphTokenProvider:
+    """Acquire and cache Microsoft Graph app-only access tokens."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        credentials: GraphCredentials,
+        *,
+        timeout: float = 20.0,
+        skew_seconds: int = DEFAULT_TOKEN_SKEW_SECONDS,
+        transport: httpx.AsyncBaseTransport | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.credentials = credentials
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        self.skew_seconds = max(0, int(skew_seconds))
+        self._transport = transport
+        self._cached_token: CachedAccessToken | None = None
+        self._lock = asyncio.Lock()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_env(
+        cls,
+        environ: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> "MicrosoftGraphTokenProvider":
+        credentials = GraphCredentials.from_env(environ)
+        return cls(credentials, **kwargs)
+
+    def clear_cache(self) -> None:
+        self._cached_token = None
+
+    def inspect_token_health(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        cached = self._cached_token
+        return {
+            "configured": True,
+            "tenant_id": self.credentials.tenant_id,
+            "client_id": self.credentials.client_id,
+            "scope": self.credentials.scope,
+            "authority_url": self.credentials.authority_url,
+            "token_url": self.credentials.token_url,
+            "cached": bool(cached),
+            "expires_in_seconds": cached.expires_in_seconds if cached else None,
+            "is_expired": cached.is_expired(skew_seconds=0) if cached else None,
+            "refresh_skew_seconds": self.skew_seconds,
+        }
+
+    async def get_access_token(self, *, force_refresh: bool = False) -> str:
+        cached = self._cached_token
+        if not force_refresh and cached and not cached.is_expired(
+            skew_seconds=self.skew_seconds
+        ):
+            return cached.access_token
+
+        async with self._lock:
+            cached = self._cached_token
+            if not force_refresh and cached and not cached.is_expired(
+                skew_seconds=self.skew_seconds
+            ):
+                return cached.access_token
+
+            token = await self._fetch_access_token()
+            self._cached_token = token
+            return token.access_token
+
+    async def _fetch_access_token(self) -> CachedAccessToken:
+        data = {
+            "grant_type": "client_credentials",
+            "client_id": self.credentials.client_id,
+            "client_secret": self.credentials.client_secret,
+            "scope": self.credentials.scope,
+        }
+        headers = {"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"}
+
+        async with httpx.AsyncClient(
+            timeout=httpx.Timeout(self.timeout),
+            transport=self._transport,
+        ) as client:
+            response = await client.post(
+                self.credentials.token_url,
+                data=data,
+                headers=headers,
+            )
+
+        if response.status_code >= 400:
+            detail = _extract_error_detail(response)
+            raise MicrosoftGraphTokenError(
+                "Microsoft Graph token request failed with HTTP "
+                f"{response.status_code}: {detail}"
+            )
+
+        try:
+            payload = response.json()
+        except ValueError as exc:
+            raise MicrosoftGraphTokenError(
+                "Microsoft Graph token response was not valid JSON."
+            ) from exc
+
+        access_token = str(payload.get("access_token") or "").strip()
+        token_type = str(payload.get("token_type") or "Bearer").strip() or "Bearer"
+        expires_in = payload.get("expires_in")
+
+        if not access_token:
+            raise MicrosoftGraphTokenError(
+                "Microsoft Graph token response did not include access_token."
+            )
+
+        try:
+            expires_in_seconds = int(expires_in)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError) as exc:
+            raise MicrosoftGraphTokenError(
+                "Microsoft Graph token response did not include a valid expires_in."
+            ) from exc
+
+        return CachedAccessToken(
+            access_token=access_token,
+            token_type=token_type,
+            expires_at=time.time() + max(0, expires_in_seconds),
+        )
+
+
+def _extract_error_detail(response: httpx.Response) -> str:
+    try:
+        payload = response.json()
+    except ValueError:
+        text = response.text.strip()
+        return text or "unknown error"
+
+    if isinstance(payload, dict):
+        if isinstance(payload.get("error_description"), str):
+            return payload["error_description"]
+        error = payload.get("error")
+        if isinstance(error, dict):
+            message = error.get("message")
+            code = error.get("code")
+            if message and code:
+                return f"{code}: {message}"
+            if message:
+                return str(message)
+            if code:
+                return str(code)
+        if isinstance(error, str):
+            return error
+    return str(payload)
diff --git a/tools/microsoft_graph_client.py b/tools/microsoft_graph_client.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f92ba66c54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/microsoft_graph_client.py
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+"""Reusable Microsoft Graph REST client helpers."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, AsyncIterator, Awaitable, Callable
+
+import httpx
+
+from tools.microsoft_graph_auth import GraphCredentials, MicrosoftGraphTokenProvider
+
+
+DEFAULT_GRAPH_BASE_URL = "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0"
+
+
+class MicrosoftGraphClientError(RuntimeError):
+    """Base class for Graph client failures."""
+
+
+class MicrosoftGraphAPIError(MicrosoftGraphClientError):
+    """Raised when a Graph API request fails."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        status_code: int,
+        method: str,
+        url: str,
+        message: str,
+        *,
+        retry_after_seconds: float | None = None,
+        payload: Any = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.status_code = status_code
+        self.method = method
+        self.url = url
+        self.retry_after_seconds = retry_after_seconds
+        self.payload = payload
+        super().__init__(
+            f"Microsoft Graph API error {status_code} for {method} {url}: {message}"
+        )
+
+
+class MicrosoftGraphClient:
+    """Minimal async Microsoft Graph client with retries and pagination."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        token_provider: MicrosoftGraphTokenProvider,
+        *,
+        base_url: str = DEFAULT_GRAPH_BASE_URL,
+        timeout: float = 60.0,
+        max_retries: int = 3,
+        transport: httpx.AsyncBaseTransport | None = None,
+        sleep: Callable[[float], Awaitable[None]] | None = None,
+        user_agent: str = "Hermes-Agent/graph-client",
+    ) -> None:
+        self.token_provider = token_provider
+        self.base_url = base_url.rstrip("/")
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        self.max_retries = max(0, int(max_retries))
+        self._transport = transport
+        self._sleep = sleep or asyncio.sleep
+        self.user_agent = user_agent
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_env(cls, **kwargs: Any) -> "MicrosoftGraphClient":
+        credentials = GraphCredentials.from_env()
+        provider = MicrosoftGraphTokenProvider(credentials)
+        return cls(provider, **kwargs)
+
+    async def get_json(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        params: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        response = await self._request("GET", path, params=params, headers=headers)
+        return self._decode_json(response)
+
+    async def post_json(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        json_body: Any | None = None,
+        headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        response = await self._request("POST", path, json_body=json_body, headers=headers)
+        return self._decode_json(response)
+
+    async def patch_json(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        json_body: Any | None = None,
+        headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        response = await self._request("PATCH", path, json_body=json_body, headers=headers)
+        if response.status_code == 204 or not response.content:
+            return {}
+        return self._decode_json(response)
+
+    async def delete(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        response = await self._request("DELETE", path, headers=headers)
+        if response.status_code == 204 or not response.content:
+            return {"deleted": True, "status_code": response.status_code}
+        return self._decode_json(response)
+
+    async def iterate_pages(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        params: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[dict[str, Any]]:
+        next_url: str | None = self._resolve_url(path)
+        next_params = dict(params or {})
+        while next_url:
+            response = await self._request(
+                "GET",
+                next_url,
+                params=next_params or None,
+                headers=headers,
+            )
+            payload = self._decode_json(response)
+            if not isinstance(payload, dict):
+                raise MicrosoftGraphClientError(
+                    f"Expected paginated Graph response dict, got {type(payload).__name__}."
+                )
+            yield payload
+            next_url = payload.get("@odata.nextLink")
+            next_params = {}
+
+    async def collect_paginated(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        params: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    ) -> list[Any]:
+        items: list[Any] = []
+        async for page in self.iterate_pages(path, params=params, headers=headers):
+            value = page.get("value")
+            if isinstance(value, list):
+                items.extend(value)
+        return items
+
+    async def download_to_file(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        destination: str | Path,
+        *,
+        headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        chunk_size: int = 65536,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        response = await self._request("GET", path, headers=headers)
+        target = Path(destination)
+        target.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        tmp_target = target.with_suffix(target.suffix + ".part")
+        with tmp_target.open("wb") as handle:
+            async for chunk in response.aiter_bytes(chunk_size=chunk_size):
+                if chunk:
+                    handle.write(chunk)
+        os.replace(tmp_target, target)
+        return {
+            "path": str(target),
+            "size_bytes": target.stat().st_size,
+            "content_type": response.headers.get("content-type"),
+        }
+
+    async def _request(
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        path_or_url: str,
+        *,
+        params: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        json_body: Any | None = None,
+        headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    ) -> httpx.Response:
+        url = self._resolve_url(path_or_url)
+        attempt = 0
+        last_error: Exception | None = None
+
+        while attempt <= self.max_retries:
+            token = await self.token_provider.get_access_token(
+                force_refresh=attempt > 0 and self._should_refresh_token(last_error)
+            )
+            request_headers = {
+                "Authorization": f"Bearer {token}",
+                "Accept": "application/json",
+                "User-Agent": self.user_agent,
+            }
+            if json_body is not None:
+                request_headers["Content-Type"] = "application/json"
+            if headers:
+                request_headers.update(headers)
+
+            try:
+                async with httpx.AsyncClient(
+                    timeout=httpx.Timeout(self.timeout),
+                    transport=self._transport,
+                ) as client:
+                    response = await client.request(
+                        method,
+                        url,
+                        params=params,
+                        json=json_body,
+                        headers=request_headers,
+                    )
+            except httpx.HTTPError as exc:
+                last_error = exc
+                if attempt >= self.max_retries:
+                    raise MicrosoftGraphClientError(
+                        f"Microsoft Graph request failed for {method} {url}: {exc}"
+                    ) from exc
+                await self._sleep(self._retry_delay(None, attempt))
+                attempt += 1
+                continue
+
+            if response.status_code < 400:
+                return response
+
+            api_error = self._build_api_error(method, url, response)
+            last_error = api_error
+
+            if response.status_code == 401 and attempt < self.max_retries:
+                self.token_provider.clear_cache()
+                await self._sleep(self._retry_delay(response, attempt))
+                attempt += 1
+                continue
+
+            if self._should_retry(response) and attempt < self.max_retries:
+                await self._sleep(self._retry_delay(response, attempt))
+                attempt += 1
+                continue
+
+            raise api_error
+
+        raise MicrosoftGraphClientError(
+            f"Microsoft Graph request exhausted retries for {method} {url}."
+        )
+
+    def _resolve_url(self, path_or_url: str) -> str:
+        if path_or_url.startswith(("http://", "https://")):
+            return path_or_url
+        path = path_or_url if path_or_url.startswith("/") else f"/{path_or_url}"
+        return f"{self.base_url}{path}"
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _decode_json(response: httpx.Response) -> Any:
+        try:
+            return response.json()
+        except ValueError as exc:
+            raise MicrosoftGraphClientError(
+                "Microsoft Graph response was not valid JSON for "
+                f"{response.request.method} {response.request.url}"
+            ) from exc
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _should_retry(response: httpx.Response | None) -> bool:
+        if response is None:
+            return True
+        return response.status_code == 429 or 500 <= response.status_code < 600
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _should_refresh_token(error: Exception | None) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(error, MicrosoftGraphAPIError) and error.status_code == 401
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _retry_delay(response: httpx.Response | None, attempt: int) -> float:
+        if response is not None:
+            retry_after = response.headers.get("Retry-After")
+            if retry_after:
+                try:
+                    return max(0.0, float(retry_after))
+                except ValueError:
+                    pass
+        return min(8.0, 0.5 * (2 ** attempt))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _build_api_error(
+        method: str,
+        url: str,
+        response: httpx.Response,
+    ) -> MicrosoftGraphAPIError:
+        payload: Any = None
+        message = response.text.strip() or "unknown error"
+        try:
+            payload = response.json()
+        except ValueError:
+            payload = None
+
+        if isinstance(payload, dict):
+            error = payload.get("error")
+            if isinstance(error, dict):
+                code = error.get("code")
+                inner_message = error.get("message")
+                if code and inner_message:
+                    message = f"{code}: {inner_message}"
+                elif inner_message:
+                    message = str(inner_message)
+            elif isinstance(error, str):
+                message = error
+
+        retry_after: float | None = None
+        header_value = response.headers.get("Retry-After")
+        if header_value:
+            try:
+                retry_after = float(header_value)
+            except ValueError:
+                retry_after = None
+
+        return MicrosoftGraphAPIError(
+            response.status_code,
+            method,
+            url,
+            message,
+            retry_after_seconds=retry_after,
+            payload=payload,
+        )