fix(mcp): add half-open state to circuit breaker

The MCP circuit breaker previously had no path back to the closed
state: once _server_error_counts[srv] reached _CIRCUIT_BREAKER_THRESHOLD
the gate short-circuited every subsequent call, so the only reset
path (on successful call) was unreachable. A single transient
3-failure blip (bad network, server restart, expired token) permanently
disabled every tool on that MCP server for the rest of the agent
session.

Introduce a classic closed/open/half-open state machine:

- Track a per-server breaker-open timestamp in _server_breaker_opened_at
  alongside the existing failure count.
- Add _CIRCUIT_BREAKER_COOLDOWN_SEC (60s). Once the count reaches
  threshold, calls short-circuit for the cooldown window.
- After the cooldown elapses, the *next* call falls through as a
  half-open probe that actually hits the session. Success resets the
  breaker via _reset_server_error; failure re-bumps the count via
  _bump_server_error, which re-stamps the open timestamp and re-arms
  the cooldown.

The error message now includes the live failure count and an
"Auto-retry available in ~Ns" hint so the model knows the breaker
will self-heal rather than giving up on the tool for the whole
session.

Covers tests 1 (half-opens after cooldown) and 2 (reopens on probe
failure); test 3 (cleared on reconnect) still fails pending fix #2.

tools/mcp_tool.py

@@ -1249,9 +1249,47 @@ _servers: Dict[str, MCPServerTask] = {}
 # _CIRCUIT_BREAKER_THRESHOLD consecutive failures, the handler returns
 # a "server unreachable" message that tells the model to stop retrying,
 # preventing the 90-iteration burn loop described in #10447.
-# Reset to 0 on any successful call.
+#
+# State machine:
+#   closed    — error count below threshold; all calls go through.
+#   open      — threshold reached; calls short-circuit until the
+#               cooldown elapses.
+#   half-open — cooldown elapsed; the next call is a probe that
+#               actually hits the session. Probe success → closed.
+#               Probe failure → reopens (cooldown re-armed).
+#
+# ``_server_breaker_opened_at`` records the monotonic timestamp when
+# the breaker most recently transitioned into the open state. Use the
+# ``_bump_server_error`` / ``_reset_server_error`` helpers to mutate
+# this state — they keep the count and timestamp in sync.
 _server_error_counts: Dict[str, int] = {}
+_server_breaker_opened_at: Dict[str, float] = {}
 _CIRCUIT_BREAKER_THRESHOLD = 3
+_CIRCUIT_BREAKER_COOLDOWN_SEC = 60.0
+
+
+def _bump_server_error(server_name: str) -> None:
+    """Increment the consecutive-failure count for ``server_name``.
+
+    When the count crosses :data:`_CIRCUIT_BREAKER_THRESHOLD`, stamp the
+    breaker-open timestamp so the cooldown clock starts (or re-starts,
+    for probe failures in the half-open state).
+    """
+    n = _server_error_counts.get(server_name, 0) + 1
+    _server_error_counts[server_name] = n
+    if n >= _CIRCUIT_BREAKER_THRESHOLD:
+        _server_breaker_opened_at[server_name] = time.monotonic()
+
+
+def _reset_server_error(server_name: str) -> None:
+    """Fully close the breaker for ``server_name``.
+
+    Clears both the failure count and the breaker-open timestamp. Call
+    this on any unambiguous success signal (successful tool call,
+    successful reconnect, manual /mcp refresh).
+    """
+    _server_error_counts[server_name] = 0
+    _server_breaker_opened_at.pop(server_name, None)
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Auth-failure detection helpers (Task 6 of MCP OAuth consolidation)
@@ -1396,10 +1434,10 @@ def _handle_auth_error_and_retry(
             try:
                 parsed = json.loads(result)
                 if "error" not in parsed:
-                    _server_error_counts[server_name] = 0
+                    _reset_server_error(server_name)
                     return result
             except (json.JSONDecodeError, TypeError):
-                _server_error_counts[server_name] = 0
+                _reset_server_error(server_name)
                 return result
         except Exception as retry_exc:
             logger.warning(
@@ -1410,7 +1448,7 @@ def _handle_auth_error_and_retry(
     # No recovery available, or retry also failed: surface a structured
     # needs_reauth error. Bumps the circuit breaker so the model stops
     # retrying the tool.
-    _server_error_counts[server_name] = _server_error_counts.get(server_name, 0) + 1
+    _bump_server_error(server_name)
     return json.dumps({
         "error": (
             f"MCP server '{server_name}' requires re-authentication. "
@@ -1614,20 +1652,33 @@ def _make_tool_handler(server_name: str, tool_name: str, tool_timeout: float):
         # Circuit breaker: if this server has failed too many times
         # consecutively, short-circuit with a clear message so the model
         # stops retrying and uses alternative approaches (#10447).
+        #
+        # Once the cooldown elapses, the breaker transitions to
+        # half-open: we let the *next* call through as a probe. On
+        # success the success-path below resets the breaker; on
+        # failure the error paths below bump the count again, which
+        # re-stamps the open-time via _bump_server_error (re-arming
+        # the cooldown).
         if _server_error_counts.get(server_name, 0) >= _CIRCUIT_BREAKER_THRESHOLD:
-            return json.dumps({
-                "error": (
-                    f"MCP server '{server_name}' is unreachable after "
-                    f"{_CIRCUIT_BREAKER_THRESHOLD} consecutive failures. "
-                    f"Do NOT retry this tool — use alternative approaches "
-                    f"or ask the user to check the MCP server."
-                )
-            }, ensure_ascii=False)
+            opened_at = _server_breaker_opened_at.get(server_name, 0.0)
+            age = time.monotonic() - opened_at
+            if age < _CIRCUIT_BREAKER_COOLDOWN_SEC:
+                remaining = max(1, int(_CIRCUIT_BREAKER_COOLDOWN_SEC - age))
+                return json.dumps({
+                    "error": (
+                        f"MCP server '{server_name}' is unreachable after "
+                        f"{_server_error_counts[server_name]} consecutive "
+                        f"failures. Auto-retry available in ~{remaining}s. "
+                        f"Do NOT retry this tool yet — use alternative "
+                        f"approaches or ask the user to check the MCP server."
+                    )
+                }, ensure_ascii=False)
+            # Cooldown elapsed → fall through as a half-open probe.
 
         with _lock:
             server = _servers.get(server_name)
         if not server or not server.session:
-            _server_error_counts[server_name] = _server_error_counts.get(server_name, 0) + 1
+            _bump_server_error(server_name)
             return json.dumps({
                 "error": f"MCP server '{server_name}' is not connected"
             }, ensure_ascii=False)
@@ -1676,11 +1727,11 @@ def _make_tool_handler(server_name: str, tool_name: str, tool_timeout: float):
             try:
                 parsed = json.loads(result)
                 if "error" in parsed:
-                    _server_error_counts[server_name] = _server_error_counts.get(server_name, 0) + 1
+                    _bump_server_error(server_name)
                 else:
-                    _server_error_counts[server_name] = 0  # success — reset
+                    _reset_server_error(server_name)  # success — reset
             except (json.JSONDecodeError, TypeError):
-                _server_error_counts[server_name] = 0  # non-JSON = success
+                _reset_server_error(server_name)  # non-JSON = success
             return result
         except InterruptedError:
             return _interrupted_call_result()
@@ -1695,7 +1746,7 @@ def _make_tool_handler(server_name: str, tool_name: str, tool_timeout: float):
             if recovered is not None:
                 return recovered
 
-            _server_error_counts[server_name] = _server_error_counts.get(server_name, 0) + 1
+            _bump_server_error(server_name)
             logger.error(
                 "MCP tool %s/%s call failed: %s",
                 server_name, tool_name, exc,