diff --git a/tests/tools/test_browser_snapshot_ssrf.py b/tests/tools/test_browser_snapshot_ssrf.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8f500d9973b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/tools/test_browser_snapshot_ssrf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+"""Tests that browser_snapshot blocks content from eval-navigated private pages.
+
+When browser_console() changes location.href to a private/internal address,
+browser_snapshot() must detect this and return an error instead of exposing
+the private page content.
+
+This is the fix for the SSRF bypass described in issue #44731.
+"""
+
+import json
+
+import pytest
+
+from tools import browser_tool
+
+
+def _make_snapshot_result(snapshot="Public page content", refs=None):
+    """Return a mock successful snapshot result."""
+    return {
+        "success": True,
+        "data": {
+            "snapshot": snapshot,
+            "refs": refs or {"@e1": {"role": "heading", "name": "Public"}},
+        },
+    }
+
+
+def _make_eval_result(result):
+    """Return a mock successful eval result."""
+    return {"success": True, "data": {"result": result}}
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# browser_snapshot: private-network guard after eval navigation
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class TestBrowserSnapshotPrivateNetworkGuard:
+    """browser_snapshot must block content from private pages navigated via eval."""
+
+    PRIVATE_URL = "http://127.0.0.1:8080/secret"
+    PUBLIC_URL = "https://example.com/page"
+
+    @pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+    def _setup(self, monkeypatch):
+        """Common patches for snapshot SSRF tests."""
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_is_camofox_mode", lambda: False)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            browser_tool,
+            "_get_session_info",
+            lambda task_id: {
+                "session_name": f"s_{task_id}",
+                "bb_session_id": None,
+                "cdp_url": None,
+                "features": {"local": True},
+                "_first_nav": False,
+            },
+        )
+
+    def test_blocks_private_url_after_eval_navigation(self, monkeypatch):
+        """Snapshot must block when current page URL is private."""
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_is_local_backend", lambda: False)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_allow_private_urls", lambda: False)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_is_safe_url", lambda url: False)
+
+        call_count = {"n": 0}
+
+        def mock_run_browser_command(task_id, command, args=None, **kwargs):
+            call_count["n"] += 1
+            if command == "snapshot":
+                return _make_snapshot_result()
+            elif command == "eval":
+                return _make_eval_result(self.PRIVATE_URL)
+            return {"success": False, "error": "unknown command"}
+
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            browser_tool, "_run_browser_command", mock_run_browser_command
+        )
+
+        result = json.loads(browser_browser_snapshot(task_id="test"))
+        assert result["success"] is False
+        assert "private or internal address" in result["error"]
+        assert self.PRIVATE_URL in result["error"]
+        # Must have called eval to check URL
+        assert call_count["n"] == 2  # snapshot + eval
+
+    def test_allows_public_url_after_eval_navigation(self, monkeypatch):
+        """Snapshot must succeed when current page URL is public."""
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_is_local_backend", lambda: False)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_allow_private_urls", lambda: False)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_is_safe_url", lambda url: True)
+
+        def mock_run_browser_command(task_id, command, args=None, **kwargs):
+            if command == "snapshot":
+                return _make_snapshot_result()
+            elif command == "eval":
+                return _make_eval_result(self.PUBLIC_URL)
+            return {"success": False, "error": "unknown command"}
+
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            browser_tool, "_run_browser_command", mock_run_browser_command
+        )
+
+        result = json.loads(browser_browser_snapshot(task_id="test"))
+        assert result["success"] is True
+        assert "snapshot" in result
+
+    def test_skips_check_in_local_backend_mode(self, monkeypatch):
+        """Local backend mode skips SSRF check entirely."""
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_is_local_backend", lambda: True)
+
+        def mock_run_browser_command(task_id, command, args=None, **kwargs):
+            if command == "snapshot":
+                return _make_snapshot_result()
+            return {"success": False, "error": "should not be called"}
+
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            browser_tool, "_run_browser_command", mock_run_browser_command
+        )
+
+        result = json.loads(browser_browser_snapshot(task_id="test"))
+        assert result["success"] is True
+        assert "snapshot" in result
+
+    def test_skips_check_when_private_urls_allowed(self, monkeypatch):
+        """When allow_private_urls is enabled, SSRF check is skipped."""
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_is_local_backend", lambda: False)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_allow_private_urls", lambda: True)
+
+        def mock_run_browser_command(task_id, command, args=None, **kwargs):
+            if command == "snapshot":
+                return _make_snapshot_result()
+            return {"success": False, "error": "should not be called"}
+
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            browser_tool, "_run_browser_command", mock_run_browser_command
+        )
+
+        result = json.loads(browser_browser_snapshot(task_id="test"))
+        assert result["success"] is True
+        assert "snapshot" in result
+
+    def test_handles_eval_failure_gracefully(self, monkeypatch):
+        """If URL eval fails, snapshot should still succeed (fail-open)."""
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_is_local_backend", lambda: False)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_allow_private_urls", lambda: False)
+
+        def mock_run_browser_command(task_id, command, args=None, **kwargs):
+            if command == "snapshot":
+                return _make_snapshot_result()
+            elif command == "eval":
+                return {"success": False, "error": "eval failed"}
+            return {"success": False, "error": "unknown"}
+
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            browser_tool, "_run_browser_command", mock_run_browser_command
+        )
+
+        result = json.loads(browser_browser_snapshot(task_id="test"))
+        # Should succeed — eval failure means we can't determine URL, fail-open
+        assert result["success"] is True
+
+    def test_handles_empty_url_result(self, monkeypatch):
+        """If URL eval returns empty string, snapshot should succeed."""
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_is_local_backend", lambda: False)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_allow_private_urls", lambda: False)
+
+        def mock_run_browser_command(task_id, command, args=None, **kwargs):
+            if command == "snapshot":
+                return _make_snapshot_result()
+            elif command == "eval":
+                return _make_eval_result("")
+            return {"success": False, "error": "unknown"}
+
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            browser_tool, "_run_browser_command", mock_run_browser_command
+        )
+
+        result = json.loads(browser_browser_snapshot(task_id="test"))
+        assert result["success"] is True
+
+    def test_handles_eval_exception(self, monkeypatch):
+        """If URL eval raises an exception, snapshot should succeed."""
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_is_local_backend", lambda: False)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_allow_private_urls", lambda: False)
+
+        def mock_run_browser_command(task_id, command, args=None, **kwargs):
+            if command == "snapshot":
+                return _make_snapshot_result()
+            elif command == "eval":
+                raise RuntimeError("CDP connection lost")
+            return {"success": False, "error": "unknown"}
+
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            browser_tool, "_run_browser_command", mock_run_browser_command
+        )
+
+        result = json.loads(browser_browser_snapshot(task_id="test"))
+        assert result["success"] is True
+
+    def test_blocks_loopback_url(self, monkeypatch):
+        """Loopback URLs (localhost) must be blocked."""
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_is_local_backend", lambda: False)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_allow_private_urls", lambda: False)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_is_safe_url", lambda url: False)
+
+        def mock_run_browser_command(task_id, command, args=None, **kwargs):
+            if command == "snapshot":
+                return _make_snapshot_result()
+            elif command == "eval":
+                return _make_eval_result("http://localhost:3000/admin")
+            return {"success": False, "error": "unknown"}
+
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            browser_tool, "_run_browser_command", mock_run_browser_command
+        )
+
+        result = json.loads(browser_browser_snapshot(task_id="test"))
+        assert result["success"] is False
+        assert "private or internal address" in result["error"]
+
+    def test_blocks_private_ip_range(self, monkeypatch):
+        """Private IP ranges (10.x, 172.16.x, 192.168.x) must be blocked."""
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_is_local_backend", lambda: False)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_allow_private_urls", lambda: False)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(browser_tool, "_is_safe_url", lambda url: False)
+
+        for private_ip in ["http://10.0.0.1/api", "http://172.16.0.1/admin", "http://192.168.1.1/config"]:
+            def mock_run_browser_command(task_id, command, args=None, **kwargs):
+                if command == "snapshot":
+                    return _make_snapshot_result()
+                elif command == "eval":
+                    return _make_eval_result(private_ip)
+                return {"success": False, "error": "unknown"}
+
+            monkeypatch.setattr(
+                browser_tool, "_run_browser_command", mock_run_browser_command
+            )
+
+            result = json.loads(browser_browser_snapshot(task_id="test"))
+            assert result["success"] is False, f"Expected block for {private_ip}"
+            assert "private or internal address" in result["error"]
+
+
+# Helper to avoid name collision with the actual function
+def browser_browser_snapshot(**kwargs):
+    from tools.browser_tool import browser_snapshot
+    return browser_snapshot(**kwargs)
diff --git a/tools/browser_tool.py b/tools/browser_tool.py
index 97e9227e465..9a584c77088 100644
--- a/tools/browser_tool.py
+++ b/tools/browser_tool.py
@@ -2695,6 +2695,36 @@ def browser_snapshot(
         snapshot_text = data.get("snapshot", "")
         refs = data.get("refs", {})
 
+        # ── Private-network guard: block snapshots from eval-navigated private pages ──
+        # After any eval (browser_console) that may have changed location.href to a
+        # private/internal address, the snapshot would expose private page content.
+        # Re-check the current URL before returning the snapshot.
+        if (
+            not _is_local_backend()
+            and not _allow_private_urls()
+        ):
+            try:
+                _url_result = _run_browser_command(
+                    effective_task_id, "eval", ["window.location.href"],
+                    timeout=5, _engine_override="auto",
+                )
+                if _url_result.get("success"):
+                    _current_url = (
+                        _url_result.get("data", {}).get("result", "")
+                        .strip().strip('"').strip("'")
+                    )
+                    if _current_url and not _is_safe_url(_current_url):
+                        return json.dumps({
+                            "success": False,
+                            "error": (
+                                "Blocked: page URL targets a private or internal address "
+                                f"({_current_url}). This may have been caused by a "
+                                "JavaScript navigation via browser_console."
+                            ),
+                        }, ensure_ascii=False)
+            except Exception as _url_exc:
+                logger.debug("browser_snapshot: URL safety check failed (%s)", _url_exc)
+
         # Check if snapshot needs summarization
         if len(snapshot_text) > SNAPSHOT_SUMMARIZE_THRESHOLD and user_task:
             snapshot_text = _extract_relevant_content(snapshot_text, user_task)