diff --git a/ui-tui/src/__tests__/externalLink.test.ts b/ui-tui/src/__tests__/externalLink.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..31be5e83af3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-tui/src/__tests__/externalLink.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import {
+ __resetLinkTitleCache,
+ fetchLinkTitle,
+ hostPathLabel,
+ isTitleFetchable,
+ normalizeExternalUrl,
+ urlSlugTitleLabel
+} from '../lib/externalLink.js'
+
+afterEach(() => {
+ __resetLinkTitleCache()
+ vi.restoreAllMocks()
+ vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+})
+
+describe('external link helpers', () => {
+ it('formats URL fallbacks as host + path', () => {
+ expect(
+ hostPathLabel(
+ 'https://www.getyourguide.com/culebra-island-l145468/from-fajardo-full-day-cordillera-islands-catamaran-tour-t19894/'
+ )
+ ).toBe('getyourguide.com/culebra-island-l145468/from-fajardo-full-day-cordillera-islands-catamaran-tour-t19894')
+ })
+
+ it('derives readable title fallbacks from URL slugs', () => {
+ expect(
+ urlSlugTitleLabel('https://www.getyourguide.com/fajardo-l882/from-fajardo-icacos-island-full-day-catamaran-trip-t19891/')
+ ).toBe('From Fajardo Icacos Island Full Day Catamaran Trip')
+ })
+
+ it('normalizes scheme-less links', () => {
+ expect(normalizeExternalUrl(' expedia.com/things-to-do/puerto-rico-el-yunque ')).toBe(
+ 'https://expedia.com/things-to-do/puerto-rico-el-yunque'
+ )
+ })
+
+ it('filters out local/non-http targets for title fetches', () => {
+ expect(isTitleFetchable('https://www.expedia.com/things-to-do/foo')).toBe(true)
+ expect(isTitleFetchable('http://localhost:5174')).toBe(false)
+ expect(isTitleFetchable('file:///tmp/demo.html')).toBe(false)
+ expect(isTitleFetchable('mailto:hello@example.com')).toBe(false)
+ })
+
+ it('blocks private, link-local, and intranet hosts', () => {
+ expect(isTitleFetchable('http://10.0.0.12/path')).toBe(false)
+ expect(isTitleFetchable('http://172.22.5.4/path')).toBe(false)
+ expect(isTitleFetchable('http://192.168.1.22/path')).toBe(false)
+ expect(isTitleFetchable('http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data')).toBe(false)
+ expect(isTitleFetchable('http://[fd00::1]/')).toBe(false)
+ expect(isTitleFetchable('http://[fe80::1]/')).toBe(false)
+ expect(isTitleFetchable('http://printer.local/status')).toBe(false)
+ expect(isTitleFetchable('http://intranet/status')).toBe(false)
+ expect(isTitleFetchable('https://8.8.8.8/status')).toBe(true)
+ })
+
+ it('deduplicates in-flight title fetches and caches results', async () => {
+ const fetchMock = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(
+ new Response('El Yunque Tour Water Slide, Rope Swing & Pickup', {
+ headers: { 'content-type': 'text/html; charset=utf-8' },
+ status: 200
+ })
+ )
+
+ vi.stubGlobal('fetch', fetchMock)
+
+ const url = 'https://www.expedia.com/things-to-do/puerto-rico-el-yunque-rainforest-adventure.a46272756.activity-details'
+ const [first, second] = await Promise.all([fetchLinkTitle(url), fetchLinkTitle(url)])
+
+ expect(first).toBe('El Yunque Tour Water Slide, Rope Swing & Pickup')
+ expect(second).toBe('El Yunque Tour Water Slide, Rope Swing & Pickup')
+ expect(fetchMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+ const third = await fetchLinkTitle(url)
+
+ expect(third).toBe('El Yunque Tour Water Slide, Rope Swing & Pickup')
+ expect(fetchMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+ })
+
+ it('shares cache across protocol/www URL variants', async () => {
+ const fetchMock = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(
+ new Response('Shared Canonical Title', {
+ headers: { 'content-type': 'text/html' },
+ status: 200
+ })
+ )
+
+ vi.stubGlobal('fetch', fetchMock)
+
+ const first = 'https://www.getyourguide.com/san-juan-puerto-rico-l355/sunset-tours-tc306/'
+ const second = 'http://getyourguide.com/san-juan-puerto-rico-l355/sunset-tours-tc306/'
+
+ const [a, b] = await Promise.all([fetchLinkTitle(first), fetchLinkTitle(second)])
+
+ expect(a).toBe('Shared Canonical Title')
+ expect(b).toBe('Shared Canonical Title')
+ expect(fetchMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+ })
+
+ it('ignores error-like fetched titles', async () => {
+ const fetchMock = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(
+ new Response('Just a moment...', {
+ headers: { 'content-type': 'text/html' },
+ status: 200
+ })
+ )
+
+ vi.stubGlobal('fetch', fetchMock)
+
+ const url = 'https://www.getyourguide.com/culebra-island-l145468/from-fajardo-full-day-cordillera-islands-catamaran-tour-t19894/'
+
+ await expect(fetchLinkTitle(url)).resolves.toBe('')
+ })
+
+ it('decodes HTML entities in fetched titles', async () => {
+ const fetchMock = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(
+ new Response('AT&T 'Deals'', {
+ headers: { 'content-type': 'text/html' },
+ status: 200
+ })
+ )
+
+ vi.stubGlobal('fetch', fetchMock)
+
+ await expect(fetchLinkTitle('https://example.com/offers')).resolves.toBe("AT&T 'Deals'")
+ })
+
+ it('skips network fetch for non-fetchable targets', async () => {
+ const fetchMock = vi.fn()
+ vi.stubGlobal('fetch', fetchMock)
+
+ await expect(fetchLinkTitle('http://localhost:3000/path')).resolves.toBe('')
+ await expect(fetchLinkTitle('mailto:hello@example.com')).resolves.toBe('')
+ await expect(fetchLinkTitle('file:///tmp/demo.html')).resolves.toBe('')
+ expect(fetchMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+ })
+})
diff --git a/ui-tui/src/__tests__/markdown.test.ts b/ui-tui/src/__tests__/markdown.test.ts
index 716a2bbc093..b2fab923271 100644
--- a/ui-tui/src/__tests__/markdown.test.ts
+++ b/ui-tui/src/__tests__/markdown.test.ts
@@ -218,6 +218,41 @@ describe('Md wrapping', () => {
})
})
+describe('Md link labels', () => {
+ it('renders bare URLs with readable slug labels', () => {
+ const lines = renderPlain(
+ React.createElement(
+ Box,
+ { width: 120 },
+ React.createElement(Md, {
+ t: DEFAULT_THEME,
+ text: 'see https://www.expedia.com/things-to-do/puerto-rico-el-yunque-rainforest-adventure for details'
+ })
+ )
+ )
+
+ const rendered = lines.join('\n')
+
+ expect(rendered).toContain('Puerto Rico El Yunque Rainforest Adventure')
+ expect(rendered).not.toContain('https://www.expedia.com/things-to-do/puerto-rico-el-yunque-rainforest-adventure')
+ })
+
+ it('keeps explicit markdown labels as the immediate fallback', () => {
+ const lines = renderPlain(
+ React.createElement(
+ Box,
+ { width: 80 },
+ React.createElement(Md, {
+ t: DEFAULT_THEME,
+ text: '[Trip details](https://www.expedia.com/things-to-do/puerto-rico-el-yunque-rainforest-adventure)'
+ })
+ )
+ )
+
+ expect(lines.join('\n')).toContain('Trip details')
+ })
+})
+
describe('renderTable CJK width alignment', () => {
it('column starts share the same display offset across CJK rows', async () => {
const { stringWidth } = await import('@hermes/ink')
@@ -248,6 +283,7 @@ describe('renderTable CJK width alignment', () => {
// unique anchor for column 2's start position on each row.
const colStarts = (line: string, anchor: string): number => {
const idx = line.indexOf(anchor)
+
return idx < 0 ? -1 : stringWidth(line.slice(0, idx))
}
diff --git a/ui-tui/src/components/markdown.tsx b/ui-tui/src/components/markdown.tsx
index c12efb35dc7..ae234eb9ec7 100644
--- a/ui-tui/src/components/markdown.tsx
+++ b/ui-tui/src/components/markdown.tsx
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { Box, Link, stringWidth, Text } from '@hermes/ink'
import { Fragment, memo, type ReactNode, useMemo } from 'react'
import { ensureEmojiPresentation } from '../lib/emoji.js'
+import { normalizeExternalUrl, urlSlugTitleLabel, useLinkTitle } from '../lib/externalLink.js'
import { BOX_CLOSE, BOX_OPEN, texToUnicode } from '../lib/mathUnicode.js'
import { highlightLine, isHighlightable } from '../lib/syntax.js'
import type { Theme } from '../theme.js'
@@ -143,13 +144,43 @@ const isTableDivider = (row: string) => {
const autolinkUrl = (raw: string) =>
raw.startsWith('mailto:') || raw.startsWith('http') || !raw.includes('@') ? raw : `mailto:${raw}`
-const renderAutolink = (k: number, t: Theme, raw: string) => (
-
-
- {raw.replace(/^mailto:/, '')}
-
-
-)
+const defaultLinkLabel = (url: string) =>
+ url.startsWith('mailto:') ? url.replace(/^mailto:/, '') : /^https?:\/\//i.test(url) ? urlSlugTitleLabel(url) : url
+
+const pickFallbackLabel = (label: string | undefined, target: string): string | undefined => {
+ const trimmed = label?.trim()
+
+ if (!trimmed) {
+ return undefined
+ }
+
+ return normalizeExternalUrl(trimmed) === target ? undefined : trimmed
+}
+
+interface ResolvedLinkProps {
+ fallbackLabel?: string
+ t: Theme
+ url: string
+}
+
+function ResolvedLink({ fallbackLabel, t, url }: ResolvedLinkProps) {
+ const fetched = useLinkTitle(url)
+ const display = fetched || fallbackLabel || defaultLinkLabel(url)
+
+ return (
+
+
+ {display}
+
+
+ )
+}
+
+const renderResolvedLink = (k: number, t: Theme, rawUrl: string, label?: string) => {
+ const target = normalizeExternalUrl(rawUrl)
+
+ return
+}
export const stripInlineMarkup = (v: string) =>
v
@@ -232,15 +263,9 @@ function MdInline({ t, text }: { t: Theme; text: string }) {
)
} else if (m[3] && m[4]) {
- parts.push(
-
-
- {m[3]}
-
-
- )
+ parts.push(renderResolvedLink(parts.length, t, m[4], m[3]))
} else if (m[5]) {
- parts.push(renderAutolink(parts.length, t, m[5]))
+ parts.push(renderResolvedLink(parts.length, t, autolinkUrl(m[5]), m[5].replace(/^mailto:/, '')))
} else if (m[6]) {
parts.push(
@@ -302,7 +327,7 @@ function MdInline({ t, text }: { t: Theme; text: string }) {
// so `see https://x.com/, which…` keeps the comma outside the link.
const url = m[16].replace(/[),.;:!?]+$/g, '')
- parts.push(renderAutolink(parts.length, t, url))
+ parts.push(renderResolvedLink(parts.length, t, url))
if (url.length < m[16].length) {
parts.push({m[16].slice(url.length)})
diff --git a/ui-tui/src/lib/externalLink.ts b/ui-tui/src/lib/externalLink.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..04721bfa3f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ui-tui/src/lib/externalLink.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,429 @@
+import { isIP } from 'node:net'
+
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
+
+const titleCache = new Map()
+const titleInflight = new Map>()
+const titleSubs = new Map void>>()
+
+const TITLE_CACHE_LIMIT = 500
+const TITLE_MAX_LENGTH = 240
+const TITLE_BYTE_BUDGET = 96 * 1024
+const TITLE_TIMEOUT_MS = 5000
+
+const TITLE_USER_AGENT =
+ 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 14_6_0) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/136.0.0.0 Safari/537.36'
+
+const TITLE_ERROR_RE =
+ /\b(?:access denied|attention required|captcha|error|forbidden|just a moment|request blocked|too many requests)\b/i
+
+const DOMAIN_RE = /^(?:www\.)?[a-z0-9](?:[a-z0-9-]*\.)+[a-z]{2,}(?::\d+)?(?:[/?#][^\s]*)?$/i
+const SKIP_PROTO_RE = /^(?:file|data|mailto|javascript|blob|chrome|about|hermes):/i
+const LOCAL_HOSTNAME_RE = /^(?:localhost|localhost\.localdomain)$/i
+const LOCAL_HOST_SUFFIXES = ['.corp', '.home', '.internal', '.lan', '.local', '.localdomain']
+
+const HTML_ENTITIES: Record = {
+ '#39': "'",
+ amp: '&',
+ apos: "'",
+ gt: '>',
+ lt: '<',
+ nbsp: ' ',
+ quot: '"'
+}
+
+export function normalizeExternalUrl(value: string): string {
+ const trimmed = value.trim()
+
+ if (!trimmed || /^https?:\/\//i.test(trimmed)) {
+ return trimmed
+ }
+
+ return DOMAIN_RE.test(trimmed) ? `https://${trimmed}` : trimmed
+}
+
+function parseUrl(value: string): null | URL {
+ try {
+ return new URL(normalizeExternalUrl(value))
+ } catch {
+ return null
+ }
+}
+
+function titleCacheKey(value: string): string {
+ const url = parseUrl(value)
+
+ if (!url) {
+ return normalizeExternalUrl(value)
+ }
+
+ const host = url.hostname.replace(/^www\./i, '').toLowerCase()
+ const pathname = url.pathname === '/' ? '/' : url.pathname.replace(/\/+$/, '') || '/'
+
+ return `${host}${pathname}${url.search || ''}`
+}
+
+function cacheTitle(key: string, title: string): void {
+ if (titleCache.size >= TITLE_CACHE_LIMIT) {
+ titleCache.delete(titleCache.keys().next().value as string)
+ }
+
+ titleCache.set(key, title)
+}
+
+export function hostPathLabel(value: string): string {
+ const url = parseUrl(value)
+
+ if (!url) {
+ return value
+ }
+
+ const host = url.hostname.replace(/^www\./, '')
+ const path = url.pathname && url.pathname !== '/' ? url.pathname.replace(/\/$/, '') : ''
+
+ return `${host}${path}`
+}
+
+function cleanSlug(segment: string): string {
+ try {
+ return decodeURIComponent(segment)
+ .replace(/\.a\d+\..*$/i, '')
+ .replace(/\.(?:html?|php|aspx?)$/i, '')
+ .replace(/(?:[-_.](?:[a-z]{1,3}\d{2,}|i\d{2,}))+$/i, '')
+ .replace(/[_-]+/g, ' ')
+ .replace(/\s+/g, ' ')
+ .trim()
+ } catch {
+ return ''
+ }
+}
+
+export function urlSlugTitleLabel(value: string): string {
+ const url = parseUrl(value)
+
+ for (const segment of url?.pathname.split('/').filter(Boolean).reverse() ?? []) {
+ const cleaned = cleanSlug(segment)
+
+ if (!cleaned || !/[a-z]/i.test(cleaned)) {
+ continue
+ }
+
+ if (/^(?:[a-z]{1,3}\d+|\d+)$/i.test(cleaned.replace(/\s+/g, ''))) {
+ continue
+ }
+
+ const titled = cleaned.replace(/\b[a-z]/g, c => c.toUpperCase())
+
+ if (titled.length >= 4) {
+ return titled
+ }
+ }
+
+ return hostPathLabel(value)
+}
+
+function parseIpv4Octets(value: string): null | [number, number, number, number] {
+ const parts = value.split('.')
+
+ if (parts.length !== 4) {
+ return null
+ }
+
+ const octets: number[] = []
+
+ for (const part of parts) {
+ if (!/^\d{1,3}$/.test(part)) {
+ return null
+ }
+
+ const next = Number(part)
+
+ if (!Number.isInteger(next) || next < 0 || next > 255) {
+ return null
+ }
+
+ octets.push(next)
+ }
+
+ return [octets[0]!, octets[1]!, octets[2]!, octets[3]!]
+}
+
+function isPrivateIpv4(value: string): boolean {
+ const octets = parseIpv4Octets(value)
+
+ if (!octets) {
+ return false
+ }
+
+ const [a, b] = octets
+
+ return (
+ a === 0 ||
+ a === 10 ||
+ a === 127 ||
+ a === 255 ||
+ (a === 100 && b >= 64 && b <= 127) ||
+ (a === 169 && b === 254) ||
+ (a === 172 && b >= 16 && b <= 31) ||
+ (a === 192 && b === 168) ||
+ (a === 198 && (b === 18 || b === 19))
+ )
+}
+
+function isPrivateIpv6(value: string): boolean {
+ const normalized = value.toLowerCase()
+
+ if (normalized === '::' || normalized === '::1') {
+ return true
+ }
+
+ if (normalized.startsWith('fc') || normalized.startsWith('fd')) {
+ return true
+ }
+
+ if (normalized.startsWith('fe8') || normalized.startsWith('fe9') || normalized.startsWith('fea') || normalized.startsWith('feb')) {
+ return true
+ }
+
+ if (normalized.startsWith('::ffff:')) {
+ return isPrivateIpv4(normalized.slice('::ffff:'.length))
+ }
+
+ return false
+}
+
+function normalizeHostname(value: string): string {
+ const withoutBrackets = value.replace(/^\[/, '').replace(/\]$/, '')
+ const withoutZoneId = withoutBrackets.split('%', 1)[0]!
+
+ return withoutZoneId.replace(/\.$/, '').toLowerCase()
+}
+
+function isPrivateOrLocalHost(hostname: string): boolean {
+ const normalized = normalizeHostname(hostname)
+
+ if (!normalized) {
+ return true
+ }
+
+ if (LOCAL_HOSTNAME_RE.test(normalized)) {
+ return true
+ }
+
+ if (LOCAL_HOST_SUFFIXES.some(suffix => normalized.endsWith(suffix))) {
+ return true
+ }
+
+ const ipVersion = isIP(normalized)
+
+ if (ipVersion === 4) {
+ return isPrivateIpv4(normalized)
+ }
+
+ if (ipVersion === 6) {
+ return isPrivateIpv6(normalized)
+ }
+
+ // Single-label hostnames are usually LAN names or enterprise intranet aliases.
+ return !normalized.includes('.')
+}
+
+export function isTitleFetchable(value: string): boolean {
+ if (!value || SKIP_PROTO_RE.test(value)) {
+ return false
+ }
+
+ const url = parseUrl(value)
+
+ return Boolean(url && /^https?:$/.test(url.protocol) && !isPrivateOrLocalHost(url.hostname))
+}
+
+function decodeHtmlEntities(value: string): string {
+ return value
+ .replace(/&(amp|lt|gt|quot|apos|nbsp|#39);/gi, (_match, key: string) => HTML_ENTITIES[key.toLowerCase()] ?? '')
+ .replace(/&#x([0-9a-f]+);/gi, (_match, hex: string) => String.fromCodePoint(parseInt(hex, 16) || 32))
+ .replace(/&#(\d+);/g, (_match, decimal: string) => String.fromCodePoint(parseInt(decimal, 10) || 32))
+}
+
+function parseHtmlTitle(html: string): string {
+ const raw = html.match(/]*>([\s\S]*?)<\/title>/i)?.[1]
+
+ return raw ? decodeHtmlEntities(raw).replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim() : ''
+}
+
+async function readResponseSnippet(response: Response): Promise {
+ const reader = response.body?.getReader()
+
+ if (!reader) {
+ return (await response.text()).slice(0, TITLE_BYTE_BUDGET)
+ }
+
+ const chunks: Uint8Array[] = []
+ let done = false
+ let bytes = 0
+
+ try {
+ while (bytes < TITLE_BYTE_BUDGET) {
+ const chunk = await reader.read()
+
+ if (chunk.done) {
+ done = true
+
+ break
+ }
+
+ const value = chunk.value
+
+ if (!value?.length) {
+ continue
+ }
+
+ const remaining = TITLE_BYTE_BUDGET - bytes
+ const next = value.length > remaining ? value.subarray(0, remaining) : value
+
+ chunks.push(next)
+ bytes += next.length
+
+ if (next.length < value.length) {
+ break
+ }
+ }
+ } catch {
+ return ''
+ } finally {
+ if (!done) {
+ try {
+ await reader.cancel()
+ } catch {
+ // Ignore stream teardown failures.
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (!chunks.length) {
+ return ''
+ }
+
+ const joined = new Uint8Array(bytes)
+ let offset = 0
+
+ for (const chunk of chunks) {
+ joined.set(chunk, offset)
+ offset += chunk.length
+ }
+
+ return new TextDecoder().decode(joined)
+}
+
+function usableTitle(value: string): string {
+ const clean = value.replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim()
+
+ return clean && !TITLE_ERROR_RE.test(clean) ? clean : ''
+}
+
+async function fetchHtmlTitle(normalizedUrl: string): Promise {
+ const controller = new AbortController()
+ const timeout = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), TITLE_TIMEOUT_MS)
+
+ try {
+ const response = await fetch(normalizedUrl, {
+ headers: {
+ Accept: 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.5',
+ 'Accept-Language': 'en-US,en;q=0.7',
+ 'User-Agent': TITLE_USER_AGENT
+ },
+ redirect: 'follow',
+ signal: controller.signal
+ })
+
+ if (!response.ok) {
+ return ''
+ }
+
+ const contentType = response.headers.get('content-type')
+
+ if (contentType && !/(?:html|xml|text\/html)/i.test(contentType)) {
+ return ''
+ }
+
+ const html = await readResponseSnippet(response)
+
+ return parseHtmlTitle(html).slice(0, TITLE_MAX_LENGTH)
+ } catch {
+ return ''
+ } finally {
+ clearTimeout(timeout)
+ }
+}
+
+export function fetchLinkTitle(url: string): Promise {
+ const normalizedUrl = normalizeExternalUrl(url)
+ const key = titleCacheKey(normalizedUrl)
+
+ if (!isTitleFetchable(normalizedUrl)) {
+ return Promise.resolve('')
+ }
+
+ if (titleCache.has(key)) {
+ return Promise.resolve(titleCache.get(key) ?? '')
+ }
+
+ const pending = titleInflight.get(key)
+
+ if (pending) {
+ return pending
+ }
+
+ const promise = fetchHtmlTitle(normalizedUrl)
+ .then(usableTitle)
+ .catch(() => '')
+ .then(clean => {
+ cacheTitle(key, clean)
+ titleSubs.get(key)?.forEach(sub => sub(clean))
+
+ return clean
+ })
+ .finally(() => {
+ titleInflight.delete(key)
+ })
+
+ titleInflight.set(key, promise)
+
+ return promise
+}
+
+export function useLinkTitle(url?: null | string): string {
+ const normalizedUrl = useMemo(() => (url ? normalizeExternalUrl(url) : ''), [url])
+ const key = useMemo(() => (normalizedUrl ? titleCacheKey(normalizedUrl) : ''), [normalizedUrl])
+ const [title, setTitle] = useState(() => (key ? (titleCache.get(key) ?? '') : ''))
+
+ useEffect(() => {
+ setTitle(key ? (titleCache.get(key) ?? '') : '')
+
+ if (!key || !isTitleFetchable(normalizedUrl)) {
+ return
+ }
+
+ const subs = titleSubs.get(key) ?? new Set<(value: string) => void>()
+
+ subs.add(setTitle)
+ titleSubs.set(key, subs)
+ void fetchLinkTitle(normalizedUrl)
+
+ return () => {
+ subs.delete(setTitle)
+
+ if (!subs.size) {
+ titleSubs.delete(key)
+ }
+ }
+ }, [key, normalizedUrl])
+
+ return title
+}
+
+export function __resetLinkTitleCache(): void {
+ titleCache.clear()
+ titleInflight.clear()
+ titleSubs.clear()
+}