feat(plugins): make all plugins opt-in by default

Plugins now require explicit consent to load. Discovery still finds every
plugin — user-installed, bundled, and pip — so they all show up in
`hermes plugins` and `/plugins`, but the loader only instantiates
plugins whose name appears in `plugins.enabled` in config.yaml. This
removes the previous ambient-execution risk where a newly-installed or
bundled plugin could register hooks, tools, and commands on first run
without the user opting in.

The three-state model is now explicit:
  enabled     — in plugins.enabled, loads on next session
  disabled    — in plugins.disabled, never loads (wins over enabled)
  not enabled — discovered but never opted in (default for new installs)

`hermes plugins install <repo>` prompts "Enable 'name' now? [y/N]"
(defaults to no). New `--enable` / `--no-enable` flags skip the prompt
for scripted installs. `hermes plugins enable/disable` manage both lists
so a disabled plugin stays explicitly off even if something later adds
it to enabled.

Config migration (schema v20 → v21): existing user plugins already
installed under ~/.hermes/plugins/ (minus anything in plugins.disabled)
are auto-grandfathered into plugins.enabled so upgrades don't silently
break working setups. Bundled plugins are NOT grandfathered — even
existing users have to opt in explicitly.

Also: HERMES_DISABLE_BUNDLED_PLUGINS env var removed (redundant with
opt-in default), cmd_list now shows bundled + user plugins together with
their three-state status, interactive UI tags bundled entries
[bundled], docs updated across plugins.md and built-in-plugins.md.

Validation: 442 plugin/config tests pass. E2E: fresh install discovers
disk-cleanup but does not load it; `hermes plugins enable disk-cleanup`
activates hooks; migration grandfathers existing user plugins correctly
while leaving bundled plugins off.

hermes_cli/config.py

@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ DEFAULT_CONFIG = {
     },
 
     # Config schema version - bump this when adding new required fields
-    "_config_version": 20,
+    "_config_version": 21,
 }
 
 # =============================================================================
@@ -2484,6 +2484,72 @@ def migrate_config(interactive: bool = True, quiet: bool = False) -> Dict[str, A
                     else:
                         print("  ✓ Removed unused compression.summary_* keys")
 
+    # ── Version 20 → 21: plugins are now opt-in; grandfather existing user plugins ──
+    # The loader now requires plugins to appear in ``plugins.enabled`` before
+    # loading. Existing installs had all discovered plugins loading by default
+    # (minus anything in ``plugins.disabled``). To avoid silently breaking
+    # those setups on upgrade, populate ``plugins.enabled`` with the set of
+    # currently-installed user plugins that aren't already disabled.
+    #
+    # Bundled plugins (shipped in the repo itself) are NOT grandfathered —
+    # they ship off for everyone, including existing users, so any user who
+    # wants one has to opt in explicitly.
+    if current_ver < 21:
+        config = read_raw_config()
+        plugins_cfg = config.get("plugins")
+        if not isinstance(plugins_cfg, dict):
+            plugins_cfg = {}
+        # Only migrate if the enabled allow-list hasn't been set yet.
+        if "enabled" not in plugins_cfg:
+            disabled = plugins_cfg.get("disabled", []) or []
+            if not isinstance(disabled, list):
+                disabled = []
+            disabled_set = set(disabled)
+
+            # Scan ``$HERMES_HOME/plugins/`` for currently installed user plugins.
+            grandfathered: List[str] = []
+            try:
+                from hermes_constants import get_hermes_home as _ghome
+                user_plugins_dir = _ghome() / "plugins"
+                if user_plugins_dir.is_dir():
+                    for child in sorted(user_plugins_dir.iterdir()):
+                        if not child.is_dir():
+                            continue
+                        manifest_file = child / "plugin.yaml"
+                        if not manifest_file.exists():
+                            manifest_file = child / "plugin.yml"
+                        if not manifest_file.exists():
+                            continue
+                        try:
+                            with open(manifest_file) as _mf:
+                                manifest = yaml.safe_load(_mf) or {}
+                        except Exception:
+                            manifest = {}
+                        name = manifest.get("name") or child.name
+                        if name in disabled_set:
+                            continue
+                        grandfathered.append(name)
+            except Exception:
+                grandfathered = []
+
+            plugins_cfg["enabled"] = grandfathered
+            config["plugins"] = plugins_cfg
+            save_config(config)
+            results["config_added"].append(
+                f"plugins.enabled (opt-in allow-list, {len(grandfathered)} grandfathered)"
+            )
+            if not quiet:
+                if grandfathered:
+                    print(
+                        f"  ✓ Plugins now opt-in: grandfathered "
+                        f"{len(grandfathered)} existing plugin(s) into plugins.enabled"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    print(
+                        "  ✓ Plugins now opt-in: no existing plugins to grandfather. "
+                        "Use `hermes plugins enable <name>` to activate."
+                    )
+
     if current_ver < latest_ver and not quiet:
         print(f"Config version: {current_ver} → {latest_ver}")
     

hermes_cli/main.py

@@ -7449,6 +7449,17 @@ Examples:
         action="store_true",
         help="Remove existing plugin and reinstall",
     )
+    _install_enable_group = plugins_install.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
+    _install_enable_group.add_argument(
+        "--enable",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Auto-enable the plugin after install (skip confirmation prompt)",
+    )
+    _install_enable_group.add_argument(
+        "--no-enable",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Install disabled (skip confirmation prompt); enable later with `hermes plugins enable <name>`",
+    )
 
     plugins_update = plugins_subparsers.add_parser(
         "update", help="Pull latest changes for an installed plugin"

hermes_cli/plugins.py

@@ -83,7 +83,12 @@ def _env_enabled(name: str) -> bool:
 
 
 def _get_disabled_plugins() -> set:
-    """Read the disabled plugins list from config.yaml."""
+    """Read the disabled plugins list from config.yaml.
+
+    Kept for backward compat and explicit deny-list semantics. A plugin
+    name in this set will never load, even if it appears in
+    ``plugins.enabled``.
+    """
     try:
         from hermes_cli.config import load_config
         config = load_config()
@@ -93,6 +98,36 @@ def _get_disabled_plugins() -> set:
         return set()
 
 
+def _get_enabled_plugins() -> Optional[set]:
+    """Read the enabled-plugins allow-list from config.yaml.
+
+    Plugins are opt-in by default — only plugins whose name appears in
+    this set are loaded. Returns:
+
+    * ``None`` — the key is missing or malformed. Callers should treat
+      this as "nothing enabled yet" (the opt-in default); the first
+      ``migrate_config`` run populates the key with a grandfathered set
+      of currently-installed user plugins so existing setups don't
+      break on upgrade.
+    * ``set()`` — an empty list was explicitly set; nothing loads.
+    * ``set(...)`` — the concrete allow-list.
+    """
+    try:
+        from hermes_cli.config import load_config
+        config = load_config()
+        plugins_cfg = config.get("plugins")
+        if not isinstance(plugins_cfg, dict):
+            return None
+        if "enabled" not in plugins_cfg:
+            return None
+        enabled = plugins_cfg.get("enabled")
+        if not isinstance(enabled, list):
+            return None
+        return set(enabled)
+    except Exception:
+        return None
+
+
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Data classes
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -431,17 +466,17 @@ class PluginManager:
         # 1. Bundled plugins (<repo>/plugins/<name>/)
         # Repo-shipped generic plugins live next to hermes_cli/.  Memory and
         # context_engine subdirs are handled by their own discovery paths, so
-        # skip those names here.
+        # skip those names here.  Bundled plugins are discovered (so they
-        # Tests can set HERMES_DISABLE_BUNDLED_PLUGINS=1 to get a clean slate.
+        # show up in `hermes plugins`) but only loaded when added to
-        if not _env_enabled("HERMES_DISABLE_BUNDLED_PLUGINS"):
+        # `plugins.enabled` in config.yaml — opt-in like any other plugin.
-            repo_plugins = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "plugins"
+        repo_plugins = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "plugins"
-            manifests.extend(
+        manifests.extend(
-                self._scan_directory(
+            self._scan_directory(
-                    repo_plugins,
+                repo_plugins,
-                    source="bundled",
+                source="bundled",
-                    skip_names={"memory", "context_engine"},
+                skip_names={"memory", "context_engine"},
-                )
             )
+        )
 
         # 2. User plugins (~/.hermes/plugins/)
         user_dir = get_hermes_home() / "plugins"
@@ -460,16 +495,34 @@ class PluginManager:
         # take precedence over bundled, project plugins take precedence over
         # user.  Dedup here so we only load the final winner.
         disabled = _get_disabled_plugins()
+        enabled = _get_enabled_plugins()  # None = opt-in default (nothing enabled)
         winners: Dict[str, PluginManifest] = {}
         for manifest in manifests:
             winners[manifest.name] = manifest
         for manifest in winners.values():
+            # Explicit disable always wins.
             if manifest.name in disabled:
                 loaded = LoadedPlugin(manifest=manifest, enabled=False)
                 loaded.error = "disabled via config"
                 self._plugins[manifest.name] = loaded
                 logger.debug("Skipping disabled plugin '%s'", manifest.name)
                 continue
+            # Opt-in gate: plugins must be in the enabled allow-list.
+            # If the allow-list is missing (None), treat as "nothing enabled"
+            # — users have to explicitly enable plugins to load them.
+            # Memory and context_engine providers are excluded from this gate
+            # since they have their own single-select config (memory.provider
+            # / context.engine), not the enabled list.
+            if enabled is None or manifest.name not in enabled:
+                loaded = LoadedPlugin(manifest=manifest, enabled=False)
+                loaded.error = "not enabled in config (run `hermes plugins enable {}` to activate)".format(
+                    manifest.name
+                )
+                self._plugins[manifest.name] = loaded
+                logger.debug(
+                    "Skipping '%s' (not in plugins.enabled)", manifest.name
+                )
+                continue
             self._load_plugin(manifest)
 
         if manifests:

hermes_cli/plugins_cmd.py

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Optional
 
 from hermes_constants import get_hermes_home
 
@@ -281,8 +282,16 @@ def _require_installed_plugin(name: str, plugins_dir: Path, console) -> Path:
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
-def cmd_install(identifier: str, force: bool = False) -> None:
+def cmd_install(
-    """Install a plugin from a Git URL or owner/repo shorthand."""
+    identifier: str,
+    force: bool = False,
+    enable: Optional[bool] = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Install a plugin from a Git URL or owner/repo shorthand.
+
+    After install, prompt "Enable now? [y/N]" unless *enable* is provided
+    (True = auto-enable without prompting, False = install disabled).
+    """
     import tempfile
     from rich.console import Console
 
@@ -391,6 +400,40 @@ def cmd_install(identifier: str, force: bool = False) -> None:
 
     _display_after_install(target, identifier)
 
+    # Determine the canonical plugin name for enable-list bookkeeping.
+    installed_name = installed_manifest.get("name") or target.name
+
+    # Decide whether to enable: explicit flag > interactive prompt > default off
+    should_enable = enable
+    if should_enable is None:
+        # Interactive prompt unless stdin isn't a TTY (scripted install).
+        if sys.stdin.isatty() and sys.stdout.isatty():
+            try:
+                answer = input(
+                    f"  Enable '{installed_name}' now? [y/N]: "
+                ).strip().lower()
+                should_enable = answer in ("y", "yes")
+            except (EOFError, KeyboardInterrupt):
+                should_enable = False
+        else:
+            should_enable = False
+
+    if should_enable:
+        enabled = _get_enabled_set()
+        disabled = _get_disabled_set()
+        enabled.add(installed_name)
+        disabled.discard(installed_name)
+        _save_enabled_set(enabled)
+        _save_disabled_set(disabled)
+        console.print(
+            f"[green]✓[/green] Plugin [bold]{installed_name}[/bold] enabled."
+        )
+    else:
+        console.print(
+            f"[dim]Plugin installed but not enabled. "
+            f"Run `hermes plugins enable {installed_name}` to activate.[/dim]"
+        )
+
     console.print("[dim]Restart the gateway for the plugin to take effect:[/dim]")
     console.print("[dim]  hermes gateway restart[/dim]")
     console.print()
@@ -468,7 +511,11 @@ def cmd_remove(name: str) -> None:
 
 
 def _get_disabled_set() -> set:
-    """Read the disabled plugins set from config.yaml."""
+    """Read the disabled plugins set from config.yaml.
+
+    An explicit deny-list. A plugin name here never loads, even if also
+    listed in ``plugins.enabled``.
+    """
     try:
         from hermes_cli.config import load_config
         config = load_config()
@@ -488,103 +535,196 @@ def _save_disabled_set(disabled: set) -> None:
     save_config(config)
 
 
+def _get_enabled_set() -> set:
+    """Read the enabled plugins allow-list from config.yaml.
+
+    Plugins are opt-in: only names here are loaded. Returns ``set()`` if
+    the key is missing (same behaviour as "nothing enabled yet").
+    """
+    try:
+        from hermes_cli.config import load_config
+        config = load_config()
+        plugins_cfg = config.get("plugins", {})
+        if not isinstance(plugins_cfg, dict):
+            return set()
+        enabled = plugins_cfg.get("enabled", [])
+        return set(enabled) if isinstance(enabled, list) else set()
+    except Exception:
+        return set()
+
+
+def _save_enabled_set(enabled: set) -> None:
+    """Write the enabled plugins list to config.yaml."""
+    from hermes_cli.config import load_config, save_config
+    config = load_config()
+    if "plugins" not in config:
+        config["plugins"] = {}
+    config["plugins"]["enabled"] = sorted(enabled)
+    save_config(config)
+
+
 def cmd_enable(name: str) -> None:
-    """Enable a previously disabled plugin."""
+    """Add a plugin to the enabled allow-list (and remove it from disabled)."""
     from rich.console import Console
 
     console = Console()
-    plugins_dir = _plugins_dir()
+    # Discover the plugin — check installed (user) AND bundled.
-
+    if not _plugin_exists(name):
-    # Verify the plugin exists
+        console.print(f"[red]Plugin '{name}' is not installed or bundled.[/red]")
-    target = plugins_dir / name
-    if not target.is_dir():
-        console.print(f"[red]Plugin '{name}' is not installed.[/red]")
         sys.exit(1)
 
+    enabled = _get_enabled_set()
     disabled = _get_disabled_set()
-    if name not in disabled:
+
+    if name in enabled and name not in disabled:
         console.print(f"[dim]Plugin '{name}' is already enabled.[/dim]")
         return
 
+    enabled.add(name)
     disabled.discard(name)
+    _save_enabled_set(enabled)
     _save_disabled_set(disabled)
-    console.print(f"[green]✓[/green] Plugin [bold]{name}[/bold] enabled. Takes effect on next session.")
+    console.print(
+        f"[green]✓[/green] Plugin [bold]{name}[/bold] enabled. "
+        "Takes effect on next session."
+    )
 
 
 def cmd_disable(name: str) -> None:
-    """Disable a plugin without removing it."""
+    """Remove a plugin from the enabled allow-list (and add to disabled)."""
     from rich.console import Console
 
     console = Console()
-    plugins_dir = _plugins_dir()
+    if not _plugin_exists(name):
-
+        console.print(f"[red]Plugin '{name}' is not installed or bundled.[/red]")
-    # Verify the plugin exists
-    target = plugins_dir / name
-    if not target.is_dir():
-        console.print(f"[red]Plugin '{name}' is not installed.[/red]")
         sys.exit(1)
 
+    enabled = _get_enabled_set()
     disabled = _get_disabled_set()
-    if name in disabled:
+
+    if name not in enabled and name in disabled:
         console.print(f"[dim]Plugin '{name}' is already disabled.[/dim]")
         return
 
+    enabled.discard(name)
     disabled.add(name)
+    _save_enabled_set(enabled)
     _save_disabled_set(disabled)
-    console.print(f"[yellow]\u2298[/yellow] Plugin [bold]{name}[/bold] disabled. Takes effect on next session.")
+    console.print(
+        f"[yellow]\u2298[/yellow] Plugin [bold]{name}[/bold] disabled. "
+        "Takes effect on next session."
+    )
 
 
-def cmd_list() -> None:
+def _plugin_exists(name: str) -> bool:
-    """List installed plugins."""
+    """Return True if a plugin with *name* is installed (user) or bundled."""
-    from rich.console import Console
+    # Installed: directory name or manifest name match in user plugins dir
-    from rich.table import Table
+    user_dir = _plugins_dir()
+    if user_dir.is_dir():
+        if (user_dir / name).is_dir():
+            return True
+        for child in user_dir.iterdir():
+            if not child.is_dir():
+                continue
+            manifest = _read_manifest(child)
+            if manifest.get("name") == name:
+                return True
+    # Bundled: <repo>/plugins/<name>/
+    from pathlib import Path as _P
+    import hermes_cli
+    repo_plugins = _P(hermes_cli.__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "plugins"
+    if repo_plugins.is_dir():
+        candidate = repo_plugins / name
+        if candidate.is_dir() and (
+            (candidate / "plugin.yaml").exists()
+            or (candidate / "plugin.yml").exists()
+        ):
+            return True
+    return False
 
+
+def _discover_all_plugins() -> list:
+    """Return a list of (name, version, description, source, dir_path) for
+    every plugin the loader can see — user + bundled + project.
+
+    Matches the ordering/dedup of ``PluginManager.discover_and_load``:
+    bundled first, then user, then project; user overrides bundled on
+    name collision.
+    """
     try:
         import yaml
     except ImportError:
         yaml = None
 
-    console = Console()
+    seen: dict = {}  # name -> (name, version, description, source, path)
-    plugins_dir = _plugins_dir()
 
-    dirs = sorted(d for d in plugins_dir.iterdir() if d.is_dir())
+    # Bundled (<repo>/plugins/<name>/), excluding memory/ and context_engine/
-    if not dirs:
+    import hermes_cli
+    repo_plugins = Path(hermes_cli.__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "plugins"
+    for base, source in ((repo_plugins, "bundled"), (_plugins_dir(), "user")):
+        if not base.is_dir():
+            continue
+        for d in sorted(base.iterdir()):
+            if not d.is_dir():
+                continue
+            if source == "bundled" and d.name in ("memory", "context_engine"):
+                continue
+            manifest_file = d / "plugin.yaml"
+            if not manifest_file.exists():
+                manifest_file = d / "plugin.yml"
+            if not manifest_file.exists():
+                continue
+            name = d.name
+            version = ""
+            description = ""
+            if yaml:
+                try:
+                    with open(manifest_file) as f:
+                        manifest = yaml.safe_load(f) or {}
+                    name = manifest.get("name", d.name)
+                    version = manifest.get("version", "")
+                    description = manifest.get("description", "")
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+            # User plugins override bundled on name collision.
+            if name in seen and source == "bundled":
+                continue
+            src_label = source
+            if source == "user" and (d / ".git").exists():
+                src_label = "git"
+            seen[name] = (name, version, description, src_label, d)
+    return list(seen.values())
+
+
+def cmd_list() -> None:
+    """List all plugins (bundled + user) with enabled/disabled state."""
+    from rich.console import Console
+    from rich.table import Table
+
+    console = Console()
+    entries = _discover_all_plugins()
+    if not entries:
         console.print("[dim]No plugins installed.[/dim]")
         console.print("[dim]Install with:[/dim] hermes plugins install owner/repo")
         return
 
+    enabled = _get_enabled_set()
     disabled = _get_disabled_set()
 
-    table = Table(title="Installed Plugins", show_lines=False)
+    table = Table(title="Plugins", show_lines=False)
     table.add_column("Name", style="bold")
     table.add_column("Status")
     table.add_column("Version", style="dim")
     table.add_column("Description")
     table.add_column("Source", style="dim")
 
-    for d in dirs:
+    for name, version, description, source, _dir in entries:
-        manifest_file = d / "plugin.yaml"
+        if name in disabled:
-        name = d.name
+            status = "[red]disabled[/red]"
-        version = ""
+        elif name in enabled:
-        description = ""
+            status = "[green]enabled[/green]"
-        source = "local"
+        else:
-
+            status = "[yellow]not enabled[/yellow]"
-        if manifest_file.exists() and yaml:
-            try:
-                with open(manifest_file) as f:
-                    manifest = yaml.safe_load(f) or {}
-                name = manifest.get("name", d.name)
-                version = manifest.get("version", "")
-                description = manifest.get("description", "")
-            except Exception:
-                pass
-
-        # Check if it's a git repo (installed via hermes plugins install)
-        if (d / ".git").exists():
-            source = "git"
-
-        is_disabled = name in disabled or d.name in disabled
-        status = "[red]disabled[/red]" if is_disabled else "[green]enabled[/green]"
         table.add_row(name, status, str(version), description, source)
 
     console.print()
@@ -592,6 +732,7 @@ def cmd_list() -> None:
     console.print()
     console.print("[dim]Interactive toggle:[/dim] hermes plugins")
     console.print("[dim]Enable/disable:[/dim] hermes plugins enable/disable <name>")
+    console.print("[dim]Plugins are opt-in by default — only 'enabled' plugins load.[/dim]")
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -742,41 +883,25 @@ def cmd_toggle() -> None:
     """Interactive composite UI — general plugins + provider plugin categories."""
     from rich.console import Console
 
-    try:
-        import yaml
-    except ImportError:
-        yaml = None
-
     console = Console()
-    plugins_dir = _plugins_dir()
 
-    # -- General plugins discovery --
+    # -- General plugins discovery (bundled + user) --
-    dirs = sorted(d for d in plugins_dir.iterdir() if d.is_dir())
+    entries = _discover_all_plugins()
-    disabled = _get_disabled_set()
+    enabled_set = _get_enabled_set()
+    disabled_set = _get_disabled_set()
 
     plugin_names = []
     plugin_labels = []
     plugin_selected = set()
 
-    for i, d in enumerate(dirs):
+    for i, (name, _version, description, source, _d) in enumerate(entries):
-        manifest_file = d / "plugin.yaml"
-        name = d.name
-        description = ""
-
-        if manifest_file.exists() and yaml:
-            try:
-                with open(manifest_file) as f:
-                    manifest = yaml.safe_load(f) or {}
-                name = manifest.get("name", d.name)
-                description = manifest.get("description", "")
-            except Exception:
-                pass
-
-        plugin_names.append(name)
         label = f"{name} \u2014 {description}" if description else name
+        if source == "bundled":
+            label = f"{label} [bundled]"
+        plugin_names.append(name)
         plugin_labels.append(label)
-
+        # Selected (enabled) when in enabled-set AND not in disabled-set
-        if name not in disabled and d.name not in disabled:
+        if name in enabled_set and name not in disabled_set:
             plugin_selected.add(i)
 
     # -- Provider categories --
@@ -804,10 +929,10 @@ def cmd_toggle() -> None:
     try:
         import curses
         _run_composite_ui(curses, plugin_names, plugin_labels, plugin_selected,
-                          disabled, categories, console)
+                          disabled_set, categories, console)
     except ImportError:
         _run_composite_fallback(plugin_names, plugin_labels, plugin_selected,
-                                disabled, categories, console)
+                                disabled_set, categories, console)
 
 
 def _run_composite_ui(curses, plugin_names, plugin_labels, plugin_selected,
@@ -1020,18 +1145,29 @@ def _run_composite_ui(curses, plugin_names, plugin_labels, plugin_selected,
     curses.wrapper(_draw)
     flush_stdin()
 
-    # Persist general plugin changes
+    # Persist general plugin changes. The new allow-list is the set of
-    new_disabled = set()
+    # plugin names that were checked; anything not checked is explicitly
+    # disabled (written to disabled-list) so it remains off even if the
+    # plugin code does something clever like auto-enable in the future.
+    new_enabled: set = set()
+    new_disabled: set = set(disabled)  # preserve existing disabled state for unseen plugins
     for i, name in enumerate(plugin_names):
-        if i not in chosen:
+        if i in chosen:
+            new_enabled.add(name)
+            new_disabled.discard(name)
+        else:
             new_disabled.add(name)
 
-    if new_disabled != disabled:
+    prev_enabled = _get_enabled_set()
+    enabled_changed = new_enabled != prev_enabled
+    disabled_changed = new_disabled != disabled
+
+    if enabled_changed or disabled_changed:
+        _save_enabled_set(new_enabled)
         _save_disabled_set(new_disabled)
-        enabled_count = len(plugin_names) - len(new_disabled)
         console.print(
-            f"\n[green]\u2713[/green] General plugins: {enabled_count} enabled, "
+            f"\n[green]\u2713[/green] General plugins: {len(new_enabled)} enabled, "
-            f"{len(new_disabled)} disabled."
+            f"{len(plugin_names) - len(new_enabled)} disabled."
         )
     elif n_plugins > 0:
         console.print("\n[dim]General plugins unchanged.[/dim]")
@@ -1078,11 +1214,17 @@ def _run_composite_fallback(plugin_names, plugin_labels, plugin_selected,
                 return
             print()
 
-        new_disabled = set()
+        new_enabled: set = set()
+        new_disabled: set = set(disabled)
         for i, name in enumerate(plugin_names):
-            if i not in chosen:
+            if i in chosen:
+                new_enabled.add(name)
+                new_disabled.discard(name)
+            else:
                 new_disabled.add(name)
-        if new_disabled != disabled:
+        prev_enabled = _get_enabled_set()
+        if new_enabled != prev_enabled or new_disabled != disabled:
+            _save_enabled_set(new_enabled)
             _save_disabled_set(new_disabled)
 
     # Provider categories
@@ -1108,7 +1250,17 @@ def plugins_command(args) -> None:
     action = getattr(args, "plugins_action", None)
 
     if action == "install":
-        cmd_install(args.identifier, force=getattr(args, "force", False))
+        # Map argparse tri-state: --enable=True, --no-enable=False, neither=None (prompt)
+        enable_arg = None
+        if getattr(args, "enable", False):
+            enable_arg = True
+        elif getattr(args, "no_enable", False):
+            enable_arg = False
+        cmd_install(
+            args.identifier,
+            force=getattr(args, "force", False),
+            enable=enable_arg,
+        )
     elif action == "update":
         cmd_update(args.name)
     elif action in ("remove", "rm", "uninstall"):

tests/conftest.py

@@ -243,11 +243,6 @@ def _hermetic_environment(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
     # 5. Reset plugin singleton so tests don't leak plugins from
     #    ~/.hermes/plugins/ (which, per step 3, is now empty — but the
     #    singleton might still be cached from a previous test).
-    #    Also disable bundled-plugin discovery by default so the
-    #    repo-shipped <repo>/plugins/<name>/ dirs don't appear in tests
-    #    that assume an empty plugin set. Tests that specifically exercise
-    #    bundled discovery can clear this var explicitly.
-    monkeypatch.setenv("HERMES_DISABLE_BUNDLED_PLUGINS", "1")
     try:
         import hermes_cli.plugins as _plugins_mod
         monkeypatch.setattr(_plugins_mod, "_plugin_manager", None)

tests/hermes_cli/test_config.py

@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ class TestCustomProviderCompatibility:
             migrate_config(interactive=False, quiet=True)
             raw = yaml.safe_load(config_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
 
-        assert raw["_config_version"] == 20
+        assert raw["_config_version"] == 21
         assert raw["providers"]["openai-direct"] == {
             "api": "https://api.openai.com/v1",
             "api_key": "test-key",
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ class TestInterimAssistantMessageConfig:
             migrate_config(interactive=False, quiet=True)
             raw = yaml.safe_load(config_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
 
-        assert raw["_config_version"] == 20
+        assert raw["_config_version"] == 21
         assert raw["display"]["tool_progress"] == "off"
         assert raw["display"]["interim_assistant_messages"] is True
 
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ class TestDiscordChannelPromptsConfig:
             migrate_config(interactive=False, quiet=True)
             raw = yaml.safe_load(config_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
 
-        assert raw["_config_version"] == 20
+        assert raw["_config_version"] == 21
         assert raw["discord"]["auto_thread"] is True
         assert raw["discord"]["channel_prompts"] == {}
 

tests/hermes_cli/test_plugins.py

@@ -30,8 +30,19 @@ from hermes_cli.plugins import (
 
 
 def _make_plugin_dir(base: Path, name: str, *, register_body: str = "pass",
-                     manifest_extra: dict | None = None) -> Path:
+                     manifest_extra: dict | None = None,
-    """Create a minimal plugin directory with plugin.yaml + __init__.py."""
+                     auto_enable: bool = True) -> Path:
+    """Create a minimal plugin directory with plugin.yaml + __init__.py.
+
+    If *auto_enable* is True (default), also write the plugin's name into
+    ``<hermes_home>/config.yaml`` under ``plugins.enabled``. Plugins are
+    opt-in by default, so tests that expect the plugin to actually load
+    need this. Pass ``auto_enable=False`` for tests that exercise the
+    unenabled path.
+
+    *base* is expected to be ``<hermes_home>/plugins/``; we derive
+    ``<hermes_home>`` from it by walking one level up.
+    """
     plugin_dir = base / name
     plugin_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
 
@@ -43,6 +54,31 @@ def _make_plugin_dir(base: Path, name: str, *, register_body: str = "pass",
     (plugin_dir / "__init__.py").write_text(
         f"def register(ctx):\n    {register_body}\n"
     )
+
+    if auto_enable:
+        # Write/merge plugins.enabled in <HERMES_HOME>/config.yaml.
+        # Config is always read from HERMES_HOME (not from the project
+        # dir for project plugins), so that's where we opt in.
+        import os
+        hermes_home_str = os.environ.get("HERMES_HOME")
+        if hermes_home_str:
+            hermes_home = Path(hermes_home_str)
+        else:
+            hermes_home = base.parent
+        hermes_home.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        cfg_path = hermes_home / "config.yaml"
+        cfg: dict = {}
+        if cfg_path.exists():
+            try:
+                cfg = yaml.safe_load(cfg_path.read_text()) or {}
+            except Exception:
+                cfg = {}
+        plugins_cfg = cfg.setdefault("plugins", {})
+        enabled = plugins_cfg.setdefault("enabled", [])
+        if isinstance(enabled, list) and name not in enabled:
+            enabled.append(name)
+        cfg_path.write_text(yaml.safe_dump(cfg))
+
     return plugin_dir
 
 
@@ -102,7 +138,12 @@ class TestPluginDiscovery:
         mgr.discover_and_load()
         mgr.discover_and_load()  # second call should no-op
 
-        assert len(mgr._plugins) == 1
+        # Filter out bundled plugins — they're always discovered.
+        non_bundled = {
+            n: p for n, p in mgr._plugins.items()
+            if p.manifest.source != "bundled"
+        }
+        assert len(non_bundled) == 1
 
     def test_discover_skips_dir_without_manifest(self, tmp_path, monkeypatch):
         """Directories without plugin.yaml are silently skipped."""
@@ -113,7 +154,12 @@ class TestPluginDiscovery:
         mgr = PluginManager()
         mgr.discover_and_load()
 
-        assert len(mgr._plugins) == 0
+        # Filter out bundled plugins — they're always discovered.
+        non_bundled = {
+            n: p for n, p in mgr._plugins.items()
+            if p.manifest.source != "bundled"
+        }
+        assert len(non_bundled) == 0
 
     def test_entry_points_scanned(self, tmp_path, monkeypatch):
         """Entry-point based plugins are discovered (mocked)."""
@@ -152,7 +198,13 @@ class TestPluginLoading:
         plugin_dir = plugins_dir / "bad_plugin"
         plugin_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
         (plugin_dir / "plugin.yaml").write_text(yaml.dump({"name": "bad_plugin"}))
-        monkeypatch.setenv("HERMES_HOME", str(tmp_path / "hermes_test"))
+        # Explicitly enable so the loader tries to import it and hits the
+        # missing-init error.
+        hermes_home = tmp_path / "hermes_test"
+        (hermes_home / "config.yaml").write_text(
+            yaml.safe_dump({"plugins": {"enabled": ["bad_plugin"]}})
+        )
+        monkeypatch.setenv("HERMES_HOME", str(hermes_home))
 
         mgr = PluginManager()
         mgr.discover_and_load()
@@ -160,6 +212,8 @@ class TestPluginLoading:
         assert "bad_plugin" in mgr._plugins
         assert not mgr._plugins["bad_plugin"].enabled
         assert mgr._plugins["bad_plugin"].error is not None
+        # Should be the missing-init error, not "not enabled".
+        assert "not enabled" not in mgr._plugins["bad_plugin"].error
 
     def test_load_missing_register_fn(self, tmp_path, monkeypatch):
         """Plugin without register() function records an error."""
@@ -168,7 +222,12 @@ class TestPluginLoading:
         plugin_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
         (plugin_dir / "plugin.yaml").write_text(yaml.dump({"name": "no_reg"}))
         (plugin_dir / "__init__.py").write_text("# no register function\n")
-        monkeypatch.setenv("HERMES_HOME", str(tmp_path / "hermes_test"))
+        # Explicitly enable it so the loader actually tries to import.
+        hermes_home = tmp_path / "hermes_test"
+        (hermes_home / "config.yaml").write_text(
+            yaml.safe_dump({"plugins": {"enabled": ["no_reg"]}})
+        )
+        monkeypatch.setenv("HERMES_HOME", str(hermes_home))
 
         mgr = PluginManager()
         mgr.discover_and_load()
@@ -404,7 +463,11 @@ class TestPluginContext:
             '        handler=lambda args, **kw: "echo",\n'
             '    )\n'
         )
-        monkeypatch.setenv("HERMES_HOME", str(tmp_path / "hermes_test"))
+        hermes_home = tmp_path / "hermes_test"
+        (hermes_home / "config.yaml").write_text(
+            yaml.safe_dump({"plugins": {"enabled": ["tool_plugin"]}})
+        )
+        monkeypatch.setenv("HERMES_HOME", str(hermes_home))
 
         mgr = PluginManager()
         mgr.discover_and_load()
@@ -438,7 +501,11 @@ class TestPluginToolVisibility:
             '        handler=lambda args, **kw: "ok",\n'
             '    )\n'
         )
-        monkeypatch.setenv("HERMES_HOME", str(tmp_path / "hermes_test"))
+        hermes_home = tmp_path / "hermes_test"
+        (hermes_home / "config.yaml").write_text(
+            yaml.safe_dump({"plugins": {"enabled": ["vis_plugin"]}})
+        )
+        monkeypatch.setenv("HERMES_HOME", str(hermes_home))
 
         mgr = PluginManager()
         mgr.discover_and_load()
@@ -749,20 +816,24 @@ class TestPluginCommands:
     def test_commands_in_list_plugins_output(self, tmp_path, monkeypatch):
         """list_plugins() includes command count."""
         plugins_dir = tmp_path / "hermes_test" / "plugins"
+        # Set HERMES_HOME BEFORE _make_plugin_dir so auto-enable targets
+        # the right config.yaml.
+        monkeypatch.setenv("HERMES_HOME", str(tmp_path / "hermes_test"))
         _make_plugin_dir(
             plugins_dir, "cmd-plugin",
             register_body=(
                 'ctx.register_command("mycmd", lambda a: "ok", description="Test")'
             ),
         )
-        monkeypatch.setenv("HERMES_HOME", str(tmp_path / "hermes_test"))
 
         mgr = PluginManager()
         mgr.discover_and_load()
 
         info = mgr.list_plugins()
-        assert len(info) == 1
+        # Filter out bundled plugins — they're always discovered.
-        assert info[0]["commands"] == 1
+        cmd_info = [p for p in info if p["name"] == "cmd-plugin"]
+        assert len(cmd_info) == 1
+        assert cmd_info[0]["commands"] == 1
 
     def test_handler_receives_raw_args(self):
         """The handler is called with the raw argument string."""

tests/plugins/test_disk_cleanup_plugin.py

@@ -366,35 +366,62 @@ class TestSlashCommand:
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class TestBundledDiscovery:
-    def test_disk_cleanup_is_discovered_as_bundled(self, _isolate_env, monkeypatch):
+    def _write_enabled_config(self, hermes_home, names):
-        # The default hermetic conftest disables bundled plugin discovery.
+        """Write plugins.enabled allow-list to config.yaml."""
-        # This test specifically exercises it, so clear the suppression.
+        import yaml
-        monkeypatch.delenv("HERMES_DISABLE_BUNDLED_PLUGINS", raising=False)
+        cfg_path = hermes_home / "config.yaml"
+        cfg_path.write_text(yaml.safe_dump({"plugins": {"enabled": list(names)}}))
+
+    def test_disk_cleanup_discovered_but_not_loaded_by_default(self, _isolate_env):
+        """Bundled plugins are discovered but NOT loaded without opt-in."""
         from hermes_cli import plugins as pmod
         mgr = pmod.PluginManager()
         mgr.discover_and_load()
+        # Discovered — appears in the registry
         assert "disk-cleanup" in mgr._plugins
         loaded = mgr._plugins["disk-cleanup"]
         assert loaded.manifest.source == "bundled"
+        # But NOT enabled — no hooks or commands registered
+        assert not loaded.enabled
+        assert loaded.error and "not enabled" in loaded.error
+
+    def test_disk_cleanup_loads_when_enabled(self, _isolate_env):
+        """Adding to plugins.enabled activates the bundled plugin."""
+        self._write_enabled_config(_isolate_env, ["disk-cleanup"])
+        from hermes_cli import plugins as pmod
+        mgr = pmod.PluginManager()
+        mgr.discover_and_load()
+        loaded = mgr._plugins["disk-cleanup"]
         assert loaded.enabled
         assert "post_tool_call" in loaded.hooks_registered
         assert "on_session_end" in loaded.hooks_registered
         assert "disk-cleanup" in loaded.commands_registered
 
-    def test_memory_and_context_engine_subdirs_skipped(self, _isolate_env, monkeypatch):
+    def test_disabled_beats_enabled(self, _isolate_env):
+        """plugins.disabled wins even if the plugin is also in plugins.enabled."""
+        import yaml
+        cfg_path = _isolate_env / "config.yaml"
+        cfg_path.write_text(yaml.safe_dump({
+            "plugins": {
+                "enabled": ["disk-cleanup"],
+                "disabled": ["disk-cleanup"],
+            }
+        }))
+        from hermes_cli import plugins as pmod
+        mgr = pmod.PluginManager()
+        mgr.discover_and_load()
+        loaded = mgr._plugins["disk-cleanup"]
+        assert not loaded.enabled
+        assert loaded.error == "disabled via config"
+
+    def test_memory_and_context_engine_subdirs_skipped(self, _isolate_env):
         """Bundled scan must NOT pick up plugins/memory or plugins/context_engine
         as top-level plugins — they have their own discovery paths."""
-        monkeypatch.delenv("HERMES_DISABLE_BUNDLED_PLUGINS", raising=False)
+        self._write_enabled_config(
+            _isolate_env, ["memory", "context_engine", "disk-cleanup"]
+        )
         from hermes_cli import plugins as pmod
         mgr = pmod.PluginManager()
         mgr.discover_and_load()
         assert "memory" not in mgr._plugins
         assert "context_engine" not in mgr._plugins
-
-    def test_bundled_scan_suppressed_by_env_var(self, _isolate_env, monkeypatch):
-        """HERMES_DISABLE_BUNDLED_PLUGINS=1 suppresses bundled discovery."""
-        monkeypatch.setenv("HERMES_DISABLE_BUNDLED_PLUGINS", "1")
-        from hermes_cli import plugins as pmod
-        mgr = pmod.PluginManager()
-        mgr.discover_and_load()
-        assert "disk-cleanup" not in mgr._plugins

website/docs/user-guide/features/built-in-plugins.md

@@ -24,23 +24,31 @@ On name collision, later sources win — a user plugin named `disk-cleanup` woul
 
 `plugins/memory/` and `plugins/context_engine/` are deliberately excluded from bundled scanning. Those directories use their own discovery paths because memory providers and context engines are single-select providers configured through `hermes memory setup` / `context.engine` in config.
 
-Bundled plugins respect the same disable mechanism as any other plugin:
+## Bundled plugins are opt-in
+
+Bundled plugins ship disabled. Discovery finds them (they appear in `hermes plugins list` and the interactive `hermes plugins` UI), but none load until you explicitly enable them:
+
+```bash
+hermes plugins enable disk-cleanup
+```
+
+Or via `~/.hermes/config.yaml`:
 
 ```yaml
-# ~/.hermes/config.yaml
 plugins:
-  disabled:
+  enabled:
     - disk-cleanup
 ```
 
-Or suppress every bundled plugin at once with an env var:
+This is the same mechanism user-installed plugins use. Bundled plugins are never auto-enabled — not on fresh install, not for existing users upgrading to a newer Hermes. You always opt in explicitly.
+
+To turn a bundled plugin off again:
 
 ```bash
-HERMES_DISABLE_BUNDLED_PLUGINS=1 hermes chat
+hermes plugins disable disk-cleanup
+# or: remove it from plugins.enabled in config.yaml
 ```
 
-The test suite sets `HERMES_DISABLE_BUNDLED_PLUGINS=1` in its hermetic fixture — tests that exercise bundled discovery clear it explicitly.
-
 ## Currently shipped
 
 ### disk-cleanup
@@ -87,14 +95,9 @@ Auto-tracks and removes ephemeral files created during sessions — test scripts
 
 **Safety** — cleanup only ever touches paths under `HERMES_HOME` or `/tmp/hermes-*`. Windows mounts (`/mnt/c/...`) are rejected. Well-known top-level state dirs (`logs/`, `memories/`, `sessions/`, `cron/`, `cache/`, `skills/`, `plugins/`, `disk-cleanup/` itself) are never removed even when empty — a fresh install does not get gutted on first session end.
 
-To turn it off without uninstalling:
+**Enabling:** `hermes plugins enable disk-cleanup` (or check the box in `hermes plugins`).
 
-```yaml
+**Disabling again:** `hermes plugins disable disk-cleanup`.
-# ~/.hermes/config.yaml
-plugins:
-  disabled:
-    - disk-cleanup
-```
 
 ## Adding a bundled plugin
 

website/docs/user-guide/features/plugins.md

@@ -100,7 +100,34 @@ Project-local plugins under `./.hermes/plugins/` are disabled by default. Enable
 | Project | `.hermes/plugins/` | Project-specific plugins (requires `HERMES_ENABLE_PROJECT_PLUGINS=true`) |
 | pip | `hermes_agent.plugins` entry_points | Distributed packages |
 
-Later sources override earlier ones on name collision, so a user plugin with the same name as a bundled plugin replaces it. `HERMES_DISABLE_BUNDLED_PLUGINS=1` suppresses the bundled scan entirely.
+Later sources override earlier ones on name collision, so a user plugin with the same name as a bundled plugin replaces it.
+
+## Plugins are opt-in
+
+**Every plugin — user-installed, bundled, or pip — is disabled by default.** Discovery finds them (so they show up in `hermes plugins` and `/plugins`), but nothing loads until you add the plugin's name to `plugins.enabled` in `~/.hermes/config.yaml`. This stops anything with hooks or tools from running without your explicit consent.
+
+```yaml
+plugins:
+  enabled:
+    - my-tool-plugin
+    - disk-cleanup
+  disabled:       # optional deny-list — always wins if a name appears in both
+    - noisy-plugin
+```
+
+Three ways to flip state:
+
+```bash
+hermes plugins                    # interactive toggle (space to check/uncheck)
+hermes plugins enable <name>      # add to allow-list
+hermes plugins disable <name>     # remove from allow-list + add to disabled
+```
+
+After `hermes plugins install owner/repo`, you're asked `Enable 'name' now? [y/N]` — defaults to no. Skip the prompt for scripted installs with `--enable` or `--no-enable`.
+
+### Migration for existing users
+
+When you upgrade to a version of Hermes that has opt-in plugins (config schema v21+), any user plugins already installed under `~/.hermes/plugins/` that weren't already in `plugins.disabled` are **automatically grandfathered** into `plugins.enabled`. Your existing setup keeps working. Bundled plugins are NOT grandfathered — even existing users have to opt in explicitly.
 
 ## Available hooks
 
@@ -130,13 +157,15 @@ Memory providers and context engines are **provider plugins** — only one of ea
 ## Managing plugins
 
 ```bash
-hermes plugins                  # unified interactive UI
+hermes plugins                               # unified interactive UI
-hermes plugins list             # table view with enabled/disabled status
+hermes plugins list                          # table: enabled / disabled / not enabled
-hermes plugins install user/repo  # install from Git
+hermes plugins install user/repo             # install from Git, then prompt Enable? [y/N]
-hermes plugins update my-plugin   # pull latest
+hermes plugins install user/repo --enable    # install AND enable (no prompt)
-hermes plugins remove my-plugin   # uninstall
+hermes plugins install user/repo --no-enable # install but leave disabled (no prompt)
-hermes plugins enable my-plugin   # re-enable a disabled plugin
+hermes plugins update my-plugin              # pull latest
-hermes plugins disable my-plugin  # disable without removing
+hermes plugins remove my-plugin              # uninstall
+hermes plugins enable my-plugin              # add to allow-list
+hermes plugins disable my-plugin             # remove from allow-list + add to disabled
 ```
 
 ### Interactive UI
@@ -150,14 +179,16 @@ Plugins
   General Plugins
  → [✓] my-tool-plugin — Custom search tool
    [ ] webhook-notifier — Event hooks
+   [ ] disk-cleanup — Auto-cleanup of ephemeral files [bundled]
 
   Provider Plugins
      Memory Provider          ▸ honcho
      Context Engine           ▸ compressor
 ```
 
-- **General Plugins section** — checkboxes, toggle with SPACE
+- **General Plugins section** — checkboxes, toggle with SPACE. Checked = in `plugins.enabled`, unchecked = in `plugins.disabled` (explicit off).
 - **Provider Plugins section** — shows current selection. Press ENTER to drill into a radio picker where you choose one active provider.
+- Bundled plugins appear in the same list with a `[bundled]` tag.
 
 Provider plugin selections are saved to `config.yaml`:
 
@@ -169,15 +200,17 @@ context:
   engine: "compressor"    # default built-in compressor
 ```
 
-### Disabling general plugins
+### Enabled vs. disabled vs. neither
 
-Disabled plugins remain installed but are skipped during loading. The disabled list is stored in `config.yaml` under `plugins.disabled`:
+Plugins occupy one of three states:
 
-```yaml
+| State | Meaning | In `plugins.enabled`? | In `plugins.disabled`? |
-plugins:
+|---|---|---|---|
-  disabled:
+| `enabled` | Loaded on next session | Yes | No |
-    - my-noisy-plugin
+| `disabled` | Explicitly off — won't load even if also in `enabled` | (irrelevant) | Yes |
-```
+| `not enabled` | Discovered but never opted in | No | No |
+
+The default for a newly-installed or bundled plugin is `not enabled`. `hermes plugins list` shows all three distinct states so you can tell what's been explicitly turned off vs. what's just waiting to be enabled.
 
 In a running session, `/plugins` shows which plugins are currently loaded.