diff --git a/cli.py b/cli.py
index 8e67492b8a..fdb34e68d1 100755
--- a/cli.py
+++ b/cli.py
@@ -1118,6 +1118,10 @@ class HermesCLI:
         self._provider_require_params = pr.get("require_parameters", False)
         self._provider_data_collection = pr.get("data_collection")
         
+        # Fallback model config — tried when primary provider fails after retries
+        fb = CLI_CONFIG.get("fallback_model") or {}
+        self._fallback_model = fb if fb.get("provider") and fb.get("model") else None
+
         # Agent will be initialized on first use
         self.agent: Optional[AIAgent] = None
         self._app = None  # prompt_toolkit Application (set in run())
@@ -1349,6 +1353,7 @@ class HermesCLI:
                 session_db=self._session_db,
                 clarify_callback=self._clarify_callback,
                 honcho_session_key=self.session_id,
+                fallback_model=self._fallback_model,
             )
             # Apply any pending title now that the session exists in the DB
             if self._pending_title and self._session_db:
diff --git a/gateway/run.py b/gateway/run.py
index cd5b478b52..20cb470a6a 100644
--- a/gateway/run.py
+++ b/gateway/run.py
@@ -194,6 +194,7 @@ class GatewayRunner:
         self._ephemeral_system_prompt = self._load_ephemeral_system_prompt()
         self._reasoning_config = self._load_reasoning_config()
         self._provider_routing = self._load_provider_routing()
+        self._fallback_model = self._load_fallback_model()
 
         # Wire process registry into session store for reset protection
         from tools.process_registry import process_registry
@@ -393,6 +394,26 @@ class GatewayRunner:
             pass
         return {}
 
+    @staticmethod
+    def _load_fallback_model() -> dict | None:
+        """Load fallback model config from config.yaml.
+
+        Returns a dict with 'provider' and 'model' keys, or None if
+        not configured / both fields empty.
+        """
+        try:
+            import yaml as _y
+            cfg_path = _hermes_home / "config.yaml"
+            if cfg_path.exists():
+                with open(cfg_path) as _f:
+                    cfg = _y.safe_load(_f) or {}
+                fb = cfg.get("fallback_model", {}) or {}
+                if fb.get("provider") and fb.get("model"):
+                    return fb
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        return None
+
     async def start(self) -> bool:
         """
         Start the gateway and all configured platform adapters.
@@ -2623,6 +2644,7 @@ class GatewayRunner:
                 platform=platform_key,
                 honcho_session_key=session_key,
                 session_db=self._session_db,
+                fallback_model=self._fallback_model,
             )
             
             # Store agent reference for interrupt support
diff --git a/hermes_cli/config.py b/hermes_cli/config.py
index 208b95cb70..119b6c1f25 100644
--- a/hermes_cli/config.py
+++ b/hermes_cli/config.py
@@ -103,6 +103,18 @@ DEFAULT_CONFIG = {
         },
     },
     
+    # Fallback model — used when the primary model/provider fails after retries.
+    # When the primary hits rate limits (429), overload (529), or service errors (503),
+    # Hermes will automatically switch to this model for the remainder of the session.
+    # Set to None / omit to disable fallback.
+    "fallback_model": {
+        "provider": "",   # e.g. "openrouter", "openai", "nous", "deepseek", "together", "groq"
+        "model": "",      # e.g. "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4", "gpt-4.1", "deepseek-chat"
+        # Optional overrides (usually auto-resolved from provider):
+        # "base_url": "",       # custom endpoint URL
+        # "api_key_env": "",    # env var name for API key (e.g. "MY_CUSTOM_KEY")
+    },
+
     "display": {
         "compact": False,
         "personality": "kawaii",
diff --git a/run_agent.py b/run_agent.py
index 3b0e4a262b..9764478568 100644
--- a/run_agent.py
+++ b/run_agent.py
@@ -183,6 +183,7 @@ class AIAgent:
         session_db=None,
         honcho_session_key: str = None,
         iteration_budget: "IterationBudget" = None,
+        fallback_model: Dict[str, Any] = None,
     ):
         """
         Initialize the AI Agent.
@@ -406,6 +407,17 @@ class AIAgent:
         except Exception as e:
             raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to initialize OpenAI client: {e}")
         
+        # Provider fallback — a single backup model/provider tried when the
+        # primary is exhausted (rate-limit, overload, connection failure).
+        # Config shape: {"provider": "openrouter", "model": "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4"}
+        self._fallback_model = fallback_model if isinstance(fallback_model, dict) else None
+        self._fallback_activated = False
+        if self._fallback_model:
+            fb_p = self._fallback_model.get("provider", "")
+            fb_m = self._fallback_model.get("model", "")
+            if fb_p and fb_m and not self.quiet_mode:
+                print(f"🔄 Fallback model: {fb_m} ({fb_p})")
+
         # Get available tools with filtering
         self.tools = get_tool_definitions(
             enabled_toolsets=enabled_toolsets,
@@ -2146,6 +2158,103 @@ class AIAgent:
             raise result["error"]
         return result["response"]
 
+    # ── Provider fallback ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    # Maps provider id → (default_base_url, [env_var_names])
+    _FALLBACK_PROVIDERS = {
+        "openrouter": (OPENROUTER_BASE_URL, ["OPENROUTER_API_KEY"]),
+        "openai": ("https://api.openai.com/v1", ["OPENAI_API_KEY"]),
+        "nous": ("https://inference-api.nousresearch.com/v1", ["NOUS_API_KEY"]),
+        "deepseek": ("https://api.deepseek.com/v1", ["DEEPSEEK_API_KEY"]),
+        "together": ("https://api.together.xyz/v1", ["TOGETHER_API_KEY"]),
+        "groq": ("https://api.groq.com/openai/v1", ["GROQ_API_KEY"]),
+        "fireworks": ("https://api.fireworks.ai/inference/v1", ["FIREWORKS_API_KEY"]),
+        "mistral": ("https://api.mistral.ai/v1", ["MISTRAL_API_KEY"]),
+        "gemini": ("https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com/v1beta/openai", ["GEMINI_API_KEY", "GOOGLE_API_KEY"]),
+    }
+
+    def _try_activate_fallback(self) -> bool:
+        """Switch to the configured fallback model/provider.
+
+        Called when the primary model is failing after retries.  Swaps the
+        OpenAI client, model slug, and provider in-place so the retry loop
+        can continue with the new backend.  One-shot: returns False if
+        already activated or not configured.
+        """
+        if self._fallback_activated or not self._fallback_model:
+            return False
+
+        fb = self._fallback_model
+        fb_provider = (fb.get("provider") or "").strip().lower()
+        fb_model = (fb.get("model") or "").strip()
+        if not fb_provider or not fb_model:
+            return False
+
+        # Resolve API key
+        fb_key = (fb.get("api_key") or "").strip()
+        if not fb_key:
+            key_env = (fb.get("api_key_env") or "").strip()
+            if key_env:
+                fb_key = os.getenv(key_env, "")
+            elif fb_provider in self._FALLBACK_PROVIDERS:
+                for env_var in self._FALLBACK_PROVIDERS[fb_provider][1]:
+                    fb_key = os.getenv(env_var, "")
+                    if fb_key:
+                        break
+        if not fb_key:
+            logging.warning(
+                "Fallback model configured but no API key found for provider '%s'",
+                fb_provider,
+            )
+            return False
+
+        # Resolve base URL
+        fb_base_url = (fb.get("base_url") or "").strip()
+        if not fb_base_url and fb_provider in self._FALLBACK_PROVIDERS:
+            fb_base_url = self._FALLBACK_PROVIDERS[fb_provider][0]
+        if not fb_base_url:
+            fb_base_url = OPENROUTER_BASE_URL
+
+        # Build new client
+        try:
+            client_kwargs = {"api_key": fb_key, "base_url": fb_base_url}
+            if "openrouter" in fb_base_url.lower():
+                client_kwargs["default_headers"] = {
+                    "HTTP-Referer": "https://github.com/NousResearch/hermes-agent",
+                    "X-OpenRouter-Title": "Hermes Agent",
+                    "X-OpenRouter-Categories": "productivity,cli-agent",
+                }
+
+            self.client = OpenAI(**client_kwargs)
+            self._client_kwargs = client_kwargs
+            old_model = self.model
+            self.model = fb_model
+            self.provider = fb_provider
+            self.base_url = fb_base_url
+            self.api_mode = "chat_completions"
+            self._fallback_activated = True
+
+            # Re-evaluate prompt caching for the new provider/model
+            self._use_prompt_caching = (
+                "openrouter" in fb_base_url.lower()
+                and "claude" in fb_model.lower()
+            )
+
+            print(
+                f"{self.log_prefix}🔄 Primary model failed — switching to fallback: "
+                f"{fb_model} via {fb_provider}"
+            )
+            logging.info(
+                "Fallback activated: %s → %s (%s)",
+                old_model, fb_model, fb_provider,
+            )
+            return True
+        except Exception as e:
+            logging.error("Failed to activate fallback model: %s", e)
+            return False
+
+    # ── End provider fallback ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
     def _build_api_kwargs(self, api_messages: list) -> dict:
         """Build the keyword arguments dict for the active API mode."""
         if self.api_mode == "codex_responses":
@@ -3252,6 +3361,10 @@ class AIAgent:
                         print(f"{self.log_prefix}   ⏱️  Response time: {api_duration:.2f}s (fast response often indicates rate limiting)")
                         
                         if retry_count >= max_retries:
+                            # Try fallback before giving up
+                            if self._try_activate_fallback():
+                                retry_count = 0
+                                continue
                             print(f"{self.log_prefix}❌ Max retries ({max_retries}) exceeded for invalid responses. Giving up.")
                             logging.error(f"{self.log_prefix}Invalid API response after {max_retries} retries.")
                             self._persist_session(messages, conversation_history)
@@ -3576,6 +3689,11 @@ class AIAgent:
                     ])) and not is_context_length_error
 
                     if is_client_error:
+                        # Try fallback before aborting — a different provider
+                        # may not have the same issue (rate limit, auth, etc.)
+                        if self._try_activate_fallback():
+                            retry_count = 0
+                            continue
                         self._dump_api_request_debug(
                             api_kwargs, reason="non_retryable_client_error", error=api_error,
                         )
@@ -3593,6 +3711,10 @@ class AIAgent:
                         }
 
                     if retry_count >= max_retries:
+                        # Try fallback before giving up entirely
+                        if self._try_activate_fallback():
+                            retry_count = 0
+                            continue
                         print(f"{self.log_prefix}❌ Max retries ({max_retries}) exceeded. Giving up.")
                         logging.error(f"{self.log_prefix}API call failed after {max_retries} retries. Last error: {api_error}")
                         logging.error(f"{self.log_prefix}Request details - Messages: {len(api_messages)}, Approx tokens: {approx_tokens:,}")
diff --git a/tests/test_codex_execution_paths.py b/tests/test_codex_execution_paths.py
index b3550d883c..2a6044294f 100644
--- a/tests/test_codex_execution_paths.py
+++ b/tests/test_codex_execution_paths.py
@@ -149,6 +149,7 @@ def test_gateway_run_agent_codex_path_handles_internal_401_refresh(monkeypatch):
     runner._prefill_messages = []
     runner._reasoning_config = None
     runner._provider_routing = {}
+    runner._fallback_model = None
     runner._running_agents = {}
     from unittest.mock import MagicMock, AsyncMock
     runner.hooks = MagicMock()
diff --git a/tests/test_fallback_model.py b/tests/test_fallback_model.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d348a2597e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_fallback_model.py
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+"""Tests for the provider fallback model feature.
+
+Verifies that AIAgent can switch to a configured fallback model/provider
+when the primary fails after retries.
+"""
+
+import os
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
+
+import pytest
+
+from run_agent import AIAgent
+
+
+def _make_tool_defs(*names: str) -> list:
+    return [
+        {
+            "type": "function",
+            "function": {
+                "name": n,
+                "description": f"{n} tool",
+                "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {}},
+            },
+        }
+        for n in names
+    ]
+
+
+def _make_agent(fallback_model=None):
+    """Create a minimal AIAgent with optional fallback config."""
+    with (
+        patch("run_agent.get_tool_definitions", return_value=_make_tool_defs("web_search")),
+        patch("run_agent.check_toolset_requirements", return_value={}),
+        patch("run_agent.OpenAI"),
+    ):
+        agent = AIAgent(
+            api_key="test-key-primary",
+            quiet_mode=True,
+            skip_context_files=True,
+            skip_memory=True,
+            fallback_model=fallback_model,
+        )
+        agent.client = MagicMock()
+        return agent
+
+
+# =============================================================================
+# _try_activate_fallback()
+# =============================================================================
+
+class TestTryActivateFallback:
+    def test_returns_false_when_not_configured(self):
+        agent = _make_agent(fallback_model=None)
+        assert agent._try_activate_fallback() is False
+        assert agent._fallback_activated is False
+
+    def test_returns_false_for_empty_config(self):
+        agent = _make_agent(fallback_model={"provider": "", "model": ""})
+        assert agent._try_activate_fallback() is False
+
+    def test_returns_false_for_missing_provider(self):
+        agent = _make_agent(fallback_model={"model": "gpt-4.1"})
+        assert agent._try_activate_fallback() is False
+
+    def test_returns_false_for_missing_model(self):
+        agent = _make_agent(fallback_model={"provider": "openai"})
+        assert agent._try_activate_fallback() is False
+
+    def test_activates_openrouter_fallback(self):
+        agent = _make_agent(
+            fallback_model={"provider": "openrouter", "model": "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4"},
+        )
+        with (
+            patch.dict("os.environ", {"OPENROUTER_API_KEY": "sk-or-fallback-key"}),
+            patch("run_agent.OpenAI") as mock_openai,
+        ):
+            result = agent._try_activate_fallback()
+            assert result is True
+            assert agent._fallback_activated is True
+            assert agent.model == "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4"
+            assert agent.provider == "openrouter"
+            assert agent.api_mode == "chat_completions"
+            mock_openai.assert_called_once()
+            call_kwargs = mock_openai.call_args[1]
+            assert call_kwargs["api_key"] == "sk-or-fallback-key"
+            assert "openrouter" in call_kwargs["base_url"].lower()
+            # OpenRouter should get attribution headers
+            assert "default_headers" in call_kwargs
+
+    def test_activates_openai_fallback(self):
+        agent = _make_agent(
+            fallback_model={"provider": "openai", "model": "gpt-4.1"},
+        )
+        with (
+            patch.dict("os.environ", {"OPENAI_API_KEY": "sk-openai-key"}),
+            patch("run_agent.OpenAI") as mock_openai,
+        ):
+            result = agent._try_activate_fallback()
+            assert result is True
+            assert agent.model == "gpt-4.1"
+            assert agent.provider == "openai"
+            call_kwargs = mock_openai.call_args[1]
+            assert call_kwargs["api_key"] == "sk-openai-key"
+            assert "openai.com" in call_kwargs["base_url"]
+
+    def test_activates_deepseek_fallback(self):
+        agent = _make_agent(
+            fallback_model={"provider": "deepseek", "model": "deepseek-chat"},
+        )
+        with (
+            patch.dict("os.environ", {"DEEPSEEK_API_KEY": "sk-ds-key"}),
+            patch("run_agent.OpenAI"),
+        ):
+            assert agent._try_activate_fallback() is True
+            assert agent.model == "deepseek-chat"
+            assert agent.provider == "deepseek"
+
+    def test_only_fires_once(self):
+        agent = _make_agent(
+            fallback_model={"provider": "openrouter", "model": "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4"},
+        )
+        with (
+            patch.dict("os.environ", {"OPENROUTER_API_KEY": "sk-or-key"}),
+            patch("run_agent.OpenAI"),
+        ):
+            assert agent._try_activate_fallback() is True
+            # Second attempt should return False
+            assert agent._try_activate_fallback() is False
+
+    def test_returns_false_when_no_api_key(self):
+        """Fallback should fail gracefully when the API key env var is unset."""
+        agent = _make_agent(
+            fallback_model={"provider": "deepseek", "model": "deepseek-chat"},
+        )
+        # Ensure DEEPSEEK_API_KEY is not in the environment
+        env = {k: v for k, v in os.environ.items() if k != "DEEPSEEK_API_KEY"}
+        with patch.dict("os.environ", env, clear=True):
+            assert agent._try_activate_fallback() is False
+            assert agent._fallback_activated is False
+
+    def test_custom_base_url(self):
+        """Custom base_url in config should override the provider default."""
+        agent = _make_agent(
+            fallback_model={
+                "provider": "custom",
+                "model": "my-model",
+                "base_url": "http://localhost:8080/v1",
+                "api_key_env": "MY_CUSTOM_KEY",
+            },
+        )
+        with (
+            patch.dict("os.environ", {"MY_CUSTOM_KEY": "custom-secret"}),
+            patch("run_agent.OpenAI") as mock_openai,
+        ):
+            assert agent._try_activate_fallback() is True
+            call_kwargs = mock_openai.call_args[1]
+            assert call_kwargs["base_url"] == "http://localhost:8080/v1"
+            assert call_kwargs["api_key"] == "custom-secret"
+
+    def test_prompt_caching_enabled_for_claude_on_openrouter(self):
+        agent = _make_agent(
+            fallback_model={"provider": "openrouter", "model": "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4"},
+        )
+        with (
+            patch.dict("os.environ", {"OPENROUTER_API_KEY": "sk-or-key"}),
+            patch("run_agent.OpenAI"),
+        ):
+            agent._try_activate_fallback()
+            assert agent._use_prompt_caching is True
+
+    def test_prompt_caching_disabled_for_non_claude(self):
+        agent = _make_agent(
+            fallback_model={"provider": "openrouter", "model": "google/gemini-2.5-flash"},
+        )
+        with (
+            patch.dict("os.environ", {"OPENROUTER_API_KEY": "sk-or-key"}),
+            patch("run_agent.OpenAI"),
+        ):
+            agent._try_activate_fallback()
+            assert agent._use_prompt_caching is False
+
+    def test_prompt_caching_disabled_for_non_openrouter(self):
+        agent = _make_agent(
+            fallback_model={"provider": "openai", "model": "gpt-4.1"},
+        )
+        with (
+            patch.dict("os.environ", {"OPENAI_API_KEY": "sk-oai-key"}),
+            patch("run_agent.OpenAI"),
+        ):
+            agent._try_activate_fallback()
+            assert agent._use_prompt_caching is False
+
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Fallback config init
+# =============================================================================
+
+class TestFallbackInit:
+    def test_fallback_stored_when_configured(self):
+        agent = _make_agent(
+            fallback_model={"provider": "openrouter", "model": "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4"},
+        )
+        assert agent._fallback_model is not None
+        assert agent._fallback_model["provider"] == "openrouter"
+        assert agent._fallback_activated is False
+
+    def test_fallback_none_when_not_configured(self):
+        agent = _make_agent(fallback_model=None)
+        assert agent._fallback_model is None
+        assert agent._fallback_activated is False
+
+    def test_fallback_none_for_non_dict(self):
+        agent = _make_agent(fallback_model="not-a-dict")
+        assert agent._fallback_model is None
+
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Provider credential resolution
+# =============================================================================
+
+class TestProviderCredentials:
+    """Verify that each known provider resolves its API key correctly."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("provider,env_var,base_url_fragment", [
+        ("openrouter", "OPENROUTER_API_KEY", "openrouter"),
+        ("openai", "OPENAI_API_KEY", "openai.com"),
+        ("deepseek", "DEEPSEEK_API_KEY", "deepseek.com"),
+        ("together", "TOGETHER_API_KEY", "together.xyz"),
+        ("groq", "GROQ_API_KEY", "groq.com"),
+        ("fireworks", "FIREWORKS_API_KEY", "fireworks.ai"),
+        ("mistral", "MISTRAL_API_KEY", "mistral.ai"),
+        ("gemini", "GEMINI_API_KEY", "googleapis.com"),
+        ("nous", "NOUS_API_KEY", "nousresearch.com"),
+    ])
+    def test_provider_resolves(self, provider, env_var, base_url_fragment):
+        agent = _make_agent(
+            fallback_model={"provider": provider, "model": "test-model"},
+        )
+        with (
+            patch.dict("os.environ", {env_var: "test-key-123"}),
+            patch("run_agent.OpenAI") as mock_openai,
+        ):
+            result = agent._try_activate_fallback()
+            assert result is True, f"Failed to activate fallback for {provider}"
+            call_kwargs = mock_openai.call_args[1]
+            assert call_kwargs["api_key"] == "test-key-123"
+            assert base_url_fragment in call_kwargs["base_url"].lower()