diff --git a/agent/account_usage.py b/agent/account_usage.py
index 3e688d919ac..712e57feda4 100644
--- a/agent/account_usage.py
+++ b/agent/account_usage.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional
 import httpx
 
 from agent.anthropic_adapter import _is_oauth_token, resolve_anthropic_token
-from hermes_cli.auth import _read_codex_tokens, resolve_codex_runtime_credentials
+from hermes_cli.auth import AuthError, _read_codex_tokens, resolve_codex_runtime_credentials
 from hermes_cli.runtime_provider import resolve_runtime_provider
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -451,15 +451,40 @@ def _resolve_codex_usage_credentials(
     if explicit_key:
         return explicit_key, str(base_url or "").strip(), None
 
+    # Tier 2: the native runtime resolver. It ALREADY falls back to the
+    # credential pool when the singleton is empty (see
+    # ``resolve_codex_runtime_credentials`` — issue #32992), so in a pool-only
+    # setup this returns a usable ``source="credential_pool"`` token.
+    #
+    # Only ``AuthError`` ("no creds" / rate-limited) is caught so tier 3 can
+    # run: a broad ``except Exception`` would (a) mask a transient refresh /
+    # network failure and silently hand back a DIFFERENT pool account's usage,
+    # and (b) hide genuine programming errors. A refresh/network error must
+    # propagate — the outer ``fetch_account_usage`` guard fails open (shows
+    # nothing this turn) rather than reporting the wrong account.
+    #
+    # The ``account_id`` (for the ``ChatGPT-Account-Id`` header) is read
+    # best-effort: a partial/missing singleton token store must not sink an
+    # otherwise-usable resolver credential and force a header-less pool fallback.
     try:
         creds = resolve_codex_runtime_credentials(refresh_if_expiring=True)
-        token_data = _read_codex_tokens()
-        tokens = token_data.get("tokens") or {}
-        account_id = str(tokens.get("account_id", "") or "").strip() or None
+        account_id: Optional[str] = None
+        try:
+            token_data = _read_codex_tokens()
+            tokens = token_data.get("tokens") or {}
+            account_id = str(tokens.get("account_id", "") or "").strip() or None
+        except AuthError:
+            # Pool-only creds carry no singleton account_id; header is optional.
+            logger.debug("codex ▸ /usage account_id read failed (best-effort)", exc_info=True)
         return creds["api_key"], str(creds.get("base_url", "") or "").strip(), account_id
-    except Exception:
-        pass
+    except AuthError:
+        logger.debug("codex ▸ /usage runtime resolver returned no creds; trying pool", exc_info=True)
 
+    # Tier 3: direct pool select. Reached only when the resolver itself raises
+    # AuthError (e.g. singleton missing AND its own pool read found nothing at
+    # resolve time, but a pool entry is usable now). Pool credentials have no
+    # account_id concept, so the ChatGPT-Account-Id header is intentionally
+    # omitted here.
     from agent.credential_pool import load_pool
 
     pool = load_pool("openai-codex")
diff --git a/tests/agent/test_account_usage.py b/tests/agent/test_account_usage.py
index acf1745cbfc..41950c70a12 100644
--- a/tests/agent/test_account_usage.py
+++ b/tests/agent/test_account_usage.py
@@ -85,10 +85,15 @@ def test_codex_usage_falls_back_to_native_credential_pool(monkeypatch, codex_usa
         "Client",
         lambda timeout: _FakeClient(calls, codex_usage_payload),
     )
+    # Pool fallback fires only on AuthError (the documented "no creds" mode of
+    # the resolver), NOT on arbitrary exceptions — see the transient-error guard
+    # test below.
     monkeypatch.setattr(
         account_usage,
         "resolve_codex_runtime_credentials",
-        lambda **kwargs: (_ for _ in ()).throw(RuntimeError("no singleton auth")),
+        lambda **kwargs: (_ for _ in ()).throw(
+            account_usage.AuthError("no singleton auth", provider="openai-codex", code="codex_auth_missing")
+        ),
     )
 
     pool_entry = SimpleNamespace(
@@ -108,6 +113,85 @@ def test_codex_usage_falls_back_to_native_credential_pool(monkeypatch, codex_usa
     assert snapshot.windows[1].label == "Weekly"
     assert calls[0]["url"] == "https://chatgpt.com/backend-api/wham/usage"
     assert calls[0]["headers"]["Authorization"] == "Bearer pooled-token"
+    # Pool creds have no account_id concept — the ChatGPT-Account-Id header must
+    # be omitted rather than sent stale/wrong.
+    assert "ChatGPT-Account-Id" not in calls[0]["headers"]
+
+
+def test_codex_usage_does_not_swap_to_pool_on_transient_resolver_error(monkeypatch, codex_usage_payload):
+    """A transient refresh/network failure (non-AuthError) must NOT silently
+    downgrade to a possibly-different pool account. It fails open (no snapshot)
+    instead of reporting the wrong account's usage."""
+    calls = []
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        account_usage.httpx,
+        "Client",
+        lambda timeout: _FakeClient(calls, codex_usage_payload),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        account_usage,
+        "resolve_codex_runtime_credentials",
+        lambda **kwargs: (_ for _ in ()).throw(RuntimeError("refresh endpoint 503")),
+    )
+
+    pool_entry = SimpleNamespace(
+        runtime_api_key="pooled-token-WRONG-ACCOUNT",
+        runtime_base_url="https://chatgpt.com/backend-api/codex",
+    )
+    pool = SimpleNamespace(select=lambda: pool_entry)
+
+    import agent.credential_pool as credential_pool
+
+    # If the guard regressed, this pool would be consulted and return a snapshot
+    # for the wrong account. It must NOT be.
+    monkeypatch.setattr(credential_pool, "load_pool", lambda provider: pool)
+
+    snapshot = account_usage.fetch_account_usage("openai-codex")
+
+    assert snapshot is None
+    assert calls == []  # HTTP usage endpoint never hit with a wrong-account token
+
+
+def test_codex_usage_account_id_read_failure_keeps_singleton_token(monkeypatch, codex_usage_payload):
+    """When the resolver succeeds but the separate account_id read raises, the
+    working singleton token must still be used (best-effort account_id), NOT
+    abandoned in favor of a header-less pool credential."""
+    calls = []
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        account_usage.httpx,
+        "Client",
+        lambda timeout: _FakeClient(calls, codex_usage_payload),
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        account_usage,
+        "resolve_codex_runtime_credentials",
+        lambda **kwargs: {
+            "api_key": "singleton-token",
+            "base_url": "https://chatgpt.com/backend-api/codex",
+        },
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        account_usage,
+        "_read_codex_tokens",
+        lambda *a, **k: (_ for _ in ()).throw(
+            account_usage.AuthError("partial store", provider="openai-codex", code="codex_auth_invalid_shape")
+        ),
+    )
+
+    import agent.credential_pool as credential_pool
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        credential_pool,
+        "load_pool",
+        lambda provider: (_ for _ in ()).throw(AssertionError("pool must not be consulted")),
+    )
+
+    snapshot = account_usage.fetch_account_usage("openai-codex")
+
+    assert snapshot is not None
+    assert calls[0]["headers"]["Authorization"] == "Bearer singleton-token"
+    # account_id read failed → header omitted, but the singleton token is kept.
+    assert "ChatGPT-Account-Id" not in calls[0]["headers"]
 
 
 def test_codex_usage_treats_wham_used_percent_as_used_not_remaining(monkeypatch):